Cross-Border Place Branding : The Case of Geneva Highlighting Multidimensionality of Places and the Potential Role of Politico-Institutional Aspects

Place branding is not a new phenomenon. The emphasis placed on place branding has recently become particularly strong and explicit to both practitioners and scholars, in the current context of a growing mobility of capital and people. On the one hand, there is a need for practitioners to better understand place brands and better implement place branding strategies. In this respect, this domain of study can be currently seen as 'practitioner led', and in this regard many contributions assess specific cases in order to find success factors and best practices for place branding. On the other hand, at a more analytical level, recent studies show the complexity of the concept of place branding and argue that place branding works as a process including various stakeholders, in which culture and identity play a crucial role. In the literature, tourists, companies and residents represent the main target groups of place branding. The issues regarding tourists and companies have been examined since long by place promoters, location branders, economists or other scholars. However, the analysis of residents' role in place branding has been overlooked until recently and represents a new interest for researchers. The present research aims to further develop the concept of place branding, both theoretically and empirically. First of all, the paper presents a theoretical overview of place branding, from general basic questions (definition of place, brand and place brand) to specific current debates of the literature. Subsequently, the empirical part consists in a case study of the Grand Genève (Great Geneva).

The local configuration of a science and innovation policy : a city into the nanoworld

Local trajectories and arrangements play a significant role because the development of a research field, such as nanoscience and nanotechnology, requires substantial investments in human and instrumental resources. But why are there often concentrated in a limited number of places? What dynamics lead to such concentration? The hypothesis is that there is an assemblage of heterogeneous resources through the action of local actors. The chapter will explore, from an Actor Network Theory (ANT) perspective, how the local emergence of research dynamics from: the revival of local traditions, the local and national action of institutional entrepreneurs, controversial dynamics, and researchers' arrangements to involve other actors. It will examine how they connect up with each other and mutually commit themselves to the development of new technologies. It will focus on the role of narratives in this assembling: how were the local narratives of the past mobilized and to what effect.

Habiter touristique et agencement de l'espace urbain : le cas de Los Angeles : recherche sur le concours des compétences des individus quant à leurs manières de faire avec les épreuves spatiales d'une métapole touristique

Vivre, c'est passer d'un espace à un autre en essayant le plus possible de ne pas se cogner déclamait George Pérec. Cet énoncé poétiquement géographique pourrait résumer d'une certaine façon le défi de connaissance saisi par cette recherche. L'enjeu consiste effectivement à envisager le fait à'habiter, entendu dans son acception du « faire avec de l'espace » de la part des individus, comme n'allant pas de soi, de mettre en exergue le caractère problématique que constitue la pratique d'un lieu pour un individu. A ce titre, l'une des propositions de ce travail est de considérer tout lieu comme un assemblage d'épreuves spatiales face auxquelles les individus sont confrontés. La question se pose alors de savoir comment les individus font avec ces épreuves spatiales. L'hypothèse défendue dans ce travail est celle de la mobilisation, par ces derniers, de compétences - ressortissant d'une « capacité à » telle qu'exprimée par Wittgenstein dans le domaine linguistique, c'est-à-dire d'une « maîtrise technique » - et d'un capital spatial - que l'on peut faire synthétiquement correspondre à l'expérience accumulée par un individu en terme de pratique de lieux. L'argumentation étaye l'hypothèse que les manières d'habiter touristiquement une métropole dépendent notamment de ces deux éléments interdépendants dont dispose tout individu de façon variable et évolutive ; leur importance, sans déterminer aucunement des pratiques spécifiques, participe d'une maîtrise accrue de l'espace, d'une facilité pour faire avec les épreuves spatiales, atténuant le caractère potentiellement contraignant de ces dernières. Il s'agit donc d'une enquête menant une réflexion tout à la fois sur la dimension actorielle des individus, mais également sur le lieu en tant qu'espace habité : travailler sur cette question revient à investir la question de l'agencement urbain d'un lieu, c'est-à-dire d'appréhender la façon dont une configuration urbaine (les épreuves spatiales coïncidant avec les principales caractéristiques de cette dernière) est habitée, et plus particulièrement en l'occurrence ici, est habitée touristiquement. Pour aborder empiriquement cette problématique, l'enquête se focalise donc sur les touristes : d'une part pour leur faible degré de familiarité avec le lieu pratiqué (faire avec cet espace ne relève donc pas d'une routine) et d'autre part parce que leur présence dorénavant massive au sein des métropoles a des effets sur l'agencement de ces lieux qu'il est nécessaire d'envisager. Le laboratoire utilisé est celui de Los Angeles, cette aire urbaine de 18 millions de résidents : son étalement considérable, l'absence d'un centre-ville historiquement important, et la forte prégnance de sa métrique automobile étant des caractéristiques qui font de ce lieu un « exceptionnel normal » aux épreuves spatiales particulièrement proéminentes. La recherche avance à ce titre des arguments permettant d'en souligner un agencement, par les manières d'habiter des touristes, différencié du modèle classique de la métropole touristique : pour exprimer cette singularité, l'enquête étaye l'hypothèse consistant à qualifier ce lieu de métapole touristique. - Living is moving from one space to another while trying not to collide claimed George Pérec. This poetically geographic statement could in a way sum up the challenge seized by this research. The challenge is indeed to consider the fact of dwelling, in the sense of "make do with space" on the part of individuals, as not an evidence but highlighting the problematic characteristics of the practice of a place by people. Accordingly, one of the proposals of this work is to consider each place as a gathering of spatial stakes against which individuals are faced. The question then arises how are individuals facing these spatial stakes. The hypothesis debated in this work is that of the mobilization of skills such as "the ability of' as expressed by Wittgenstein in the linguistic field, i.e. a "technical mastery" - and a spatial capital - that can synthetically correspond to the experience accumulated by one single individual in terms of practice of places. Argument supports the hypothesis that the ways of touristically dwelling a metropolis depend on these two interdependent elements which everyone deal with in a variable and scalable manner; their importance, without determining any specific practices, participates in an increased proficiency of space, easing to make do with the space stakes, moderating the potentially binding character of the latter. It is therefore a survey leading a reflection both on the actorial dimension of individuals, but also on the place as a living space: working on this issue is exploring the question of the urban layout of a place, i.e. to understand how an urban configuration (the space stakes coinciding with the main features of the latter) is inhabited, and in particular in the present case, is touristically dwelled. To empirically address this issue, the inquiry therefore focuses on tourists: on the one hand for their low degree of familiarity with the place (make do with this space is therefore not a routine) and secondly because their now massive presence within the metropolis has effects on the layout of these places that is necessary to consider. The laboratory used is that of Los Angeles, this urban area of 18 million residents: its considerable spread, the absence of an historically important downtown» and high salience of "automobile metric" are features that make this place a "normal exceptional" with particularly prominent space stakes. Hence, research advances the arguments underlining the layout, by the ways of tourists dwelling different from the classical model of the metropolis: to express this uniqueness, the survey supports hypothesis to describe this place as a tourist metapolis.

Medical demography and intergenerational inequalities in general practitioners' earnings

This article examines the link between restrictions on the number of physicians and general practitioners' (GPs) earnings. Using a representative panel of 6016 French self-employed GPs over the years 1983-2004, we estimate an earnings function to identify experience, time and cohort effects. The estimated gap in earnings between 'good' and 'bad' cohorts can be as large as 25%. GPs who began their practices during the eighties have the lowest permanent earnings: they belong to the large cohorts of the baby-boom and face the consequences of an unlimited number of places in medical schools. Conversely, the decrease in the number of places in medical schools led to an increase in permanent earnings of GPs who began their practices in the mid-nineties. A stochastic dominance analysis shows that unobserved heterogeneity does not compensate for average differences in earnings between cohorts. These findings suggest that the first years of practice are decisive for a GP. If competition between physicians is too intense at the beginning of their careers, they will suffer from permanently lower earnings. To conclude, our results show that the policies aimed at reducing the number of medical students succeeded in buoying up physicians' permanent earnings. [Ed.]

"Locus Ecclesiae" : Passion du Christ et renouveaux ecclésiastiques dans la peinture murale des Pyrénées françaises : les styles picturaux (XIIe s.)

RESUME FRANCAIS Le premier chapitre de la thèse prend en considération le style des peintures murales du XIIe siècle à Toulouse, en Comminges, en Couserans, en Carcassonnais et en Roussillon. Chaque oeuvre est analysée de manière comparative avec les autres oeuvres de la même région. Dans la conclusion, on propose de reconnaître l'existence d'au moins trois - peut-être quatre - centres de production de peinture murale, qui exercent leur influence sur la production de la région. La ville de Toulouse se présente comme une véritable capitale régionale en matière de peinture murale. La découverte d'une inscription qui permet de dater une partie des décors de Saint-Sernin à l'année près constitue l'acquis majeur de cette partie. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l'analyse de l'iconographie de la Passion du Christ dans les peintures de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse, Saint-Plancard et Montgauch. L'on étudie ici lés valeurs ecclésiales et le thème de la rénovation dans l'iconographie de la Passion. L'étude explore aussi la notion de «lieu rituel » et la fonction spatiale des peintures dans l'édifice. Elle propose d'identifier des réaménagements du lieu selon l'exhibition d'un discours portant sur l'identité religieuse et l'autorité temporelle de l'Église, en coïncidence avec différentes facettes de la Réforme au XIIe siècle, dont l'étude a retrouvé certaines sources écrites. La troisième partie de la thèse est occupée par « le corpus des oeuvres », base documentaire de notre travail comportant les données historiques, architecturales, techniques, épigraphiques et bibliographiques de chaque oeuvre. RESUME ANGLAIS The first chapter of the dissertation takes into consideration the style of mural painting in Toulouse, Comminges, Couserans, Carcassonnais and Roussillon. Each work is studied in a comparative way with the other paintings of the same region. In the conclusion, we propose to recognise the existence of at least three - maybe four - centres of production of mural painting, influencing the production of the region. The city of Toulouse represents a real capital for the region in terms of mural painting. The discovery of an inscription that dates a part of the paintings of Saint-Sernin is the major result of this part. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the iconography of Christ's Passion in the mural paintings of Saint-Sernin of Toulouse, Saint-Plancard and Montgauch. The enquiry explores the ecclesiastical values and the theme of renovatio in this iconography, as well as the notion of "ritual place" and the spatial function of the paintings in the building. It identifies the redevelopment of places according to the exhibition of a speech on the religious identity and the temporal authority of the Church. These meanings coincide with different aspects of the XIIth century Reform, evidenced by unpublished sources. The third part of the dissertation is the "corpus", a documentary base for the whole enquiry composed by information on the historical background, the architecture, the paintings' techniques, and the epigraphic data of each work.

Spatial radial maze procedures and setups to dissociate local and distal relational spatial frameworks in humans.

BACKGROUND: Radial maze tasks have been used to assess optimal foraging and spatial abilities in rodents. The spatial performance was based on a capacity to rely on a configuration of local and distant cues. We adapted maze procedures assessing the relative weight of local cues and distant landmarks for arm choice in humans. NEW METHOD: The procedure allowed testing memory of places in four experimental setups: a fingertip texture-groove maze, a tactile screen maze, a virtual radial maze and a walking size maze. During training, the four reinforced positions remained fixed relative to local and distal cues. During subsequent conflict trials, these frameworks were made conflictive in the prediction of reward locations. RESULTS: Three experiments showed that the relative weight of local and distal relational cues is affected by different factors such as cues' nature, visual access to the environment, real vs. virtual environment, and gender. A fourth experiment illustrated how a walking maze can be used with people suffering intellectual disability. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: In our procedure, long-term (reference) and short-term (working) memory can be assessed. It is the first radial task adapted to human that enables dissociating local and distal cues, to provides an indication as to their relative salience. Our mazes are moveable and easily used in limited spaces. Tasks are performed with realistic and spontaneous though controlled exploratory movements. CONCLUSION: Our tasks enabled highlighting the use of different strategies. In a clinical perspective, considering the use of compensatory strategies should orient towards adapted behavioural rehabilitation.

Impact of a smoking ban in public places: a rapid assessment in the Seychelles.

Background We assessed the impact of a smoking ban in hospitality venues in the Seychelles 9 months after legislation was implemented. Methods Survey officers observed compliance with the smoking ban in 38 most popular hospitality venues and administered a structured questionnaire to two customers, two workers and one manager in each venue. Results Virtually no customers or workers were seen smoking in the indoor premises. Patrons, workers and managers largely supported the ban. The personnel of the hospitality venues reported that most smokers had no difficulty refraining from smoking. However, a third of workers did not systematically request customers to stop smoking and half of them did not report adequate training. Workers reported improved health. No substantial change in the number of customers was noted. Conclusion A ban on public smoking was generally well implemented in hospitality venues but some less than optimal findings suggest the need for adequate training of workers and strengthened enforcement measures. The simple and inexpensive methodology used in this rapid survey may be a useful approach to evaluate the implementation and impact of clean air policy in low and middle-income countries.

Parts, places, and perspectives : a theory of spatial relations based an mereotopology and convexity

This thesis suggests to carry on the philosophical work begun in Casati's and Varzi's seminal book Parts and Places, by extending their general reflections on the basic formal structure of spatial representation beyond mereotopology and absolute location to the question of perspectives and perspective-dependent spatial relations. We show how, on the basis of a conceptual analysis of such notions as perspective and direction, a mereotopological theory with convexity can express perspectival spatial relations in a strictly qualitative framework. We start by introducing a particular mereotopological theory, AKGEMT, and argue that it constitutes an adequate core for a theory of spatial relations. Two features of AKGEMT are of particular importance: AKGEMT is an extensional mereotopology, implying that sameness of proper parts is a sufficient and necessary condition for identity, and it allows for (lower- dimensional) boundary elements in its domain of quantification. We then discuss an extension of AKGEMT, AKGEMTS, which results from the addition of a binary segment operator whose interpretation is that of a straight line segment between mereotopological points. Based on existing axiom systems in standard point-set topology, we propose an axiomatic characterisation of the segment operator and show that it is strong enough to sustain complex properties of a convexity predicate and a convex hull operator. We compare our segment-based characterisation of the convex hull to Cohn et al.'s axioms for the convex hull operator, arguing that our notion of convexity is significantly stronger. The discussion of AKGEMTS defines the background theory of spatial representation on which the developments in the second part of this thesis are built. The second part deals with perspectival spatial relations in two-dimensional space, i.e., such relations as those expressed by 'in front of, 'behind', 'to the left/right of, etc., and develops a qualitative formalism for perspectival relations within the framework of AKGEMTS. Two main claims are defended in part 2: That perspectival relations in two-dimensional space are four- place relations of the kind R(x, y, z, w), to be read as x is i?-related to y as z looks at w; and that these four-place structures can be satisfactorily expressed within the qualitative theory AKGEMTS. To defend these two claims, we start by arguing for a unified account of perspectival relations, thus rejecting the traditional distinction between 'relative' and 'intrinsic' perspectival relations. We present a formal theory of perspectival relations in the framework of AKGEMTS, deploying the idea that perspectival relations in two-dimensional space are four-place relations, having a locational and a perspectival part and show how this four-place structure leads to a unified framework of perspectival relations. Finally, we present a philosophical motivation to the idea that perspectival relations are four-place, cashing out the thesis that perspectives are vectorial properties and argue that vectorial properties are relations between spatial entities. Using Fine's notion of "qua objects" for an analysis of points of view, we show at last how our four-place approach to perspectival relations compares to more traditional understandings.

Compliance of hospitality premises to the ban on smoking in all enclosed public places in the Seychelles

In Seychelles, comprehensive tobacco control legislation enacted in 2009, and subsequent regulations, ban smoking in all enclosed places (defined as any area under a fixed or transient roof). A survey in October-November 2014 assessed i) the compliance to the Act and these regulations in 63 restaurants, bars or discotheques and ii) knowledge of the Tobacco control Act and these regulations of supervisors and managers of these hospitality premises; (47 agreed to answer). No person was found smoking in 92% of all premises. However, "no smoking" signs did not conform to regulations in >70% of premises, and ashtrays were seen in 17% of enclosed premises. All supervisors and managers (100%) knew that smoking is banned in enclosed premises but <15% knew the fines liable to persons, respective owners of enclosed places, when a person smokes in an enclosed premise. Furthermore, 60% of supervisors were not aware that no smoking signs must comply with a specific regulation and 40% were not aware that ashtrays are not permitted in enclosed premises. In conclusion, the positive finding is that few persons smoke in restaurants, bars and discotheques, but the survey also showed that several aspects of regulations for tobacco control in enclosed premises are not well implemented. This calls for further information campaigns targeting both the public and the managers of hospitality premises, but also for strengthening enforcement measures, including fines for offenses. Scaling up comprehensive tobacco control measures, including full enforcement of clean air policy, is of paramount importance to meet the national target of 30% reduction of the smoking prevalence between 2010 and 2025.