Entre mystique et politique, quelques éléments structurels du Rāmāyaṇa de Tulsi Dās et leurs traces dans l'histoire de la réception du texte

Tulsi Das est probablement né aux alentours de 1550, en tant que brahmane, doté ainsi d'une naissance favorable parmi les lettrés et érudits de l'Inde. L'A. considère qu'il a réussi, dans son Ramayana, un mariage inégalé entre obligations dans le monde et intuition mystique libératrice ou l'amour fou pour un dieu personnel. En s'incrivant dans une perspective de l'histoire de la réception du texte, l'A. montre que Tulsi a largement contribué à façonner et à déterminer l'histoire religieuse de l'Inde du Nord. Son oeuvre compte parmi les livres religieux les plus lus et récités

L'Histoire de Rome par la peinture

Il y a bien des chemins pour arriver á Rome, champ immense, ouvert á perte de vue á travers les siécles et les jours, oú la présence de l'histoire est obsédante. Tous les artistes sont venus vers Rome : des Italiens des diverses Italie, et aussi des Francais, des Hollandais, des Flamands, des Espagnols, des Anglais et des Américains. Ces peintres dont les oeuvres racontent sa longue histoire pour l'avoir vécue dans l'éblouissement de la lumiére romaine sont á jamais au Panthéon des arts : ce sont tous les auteurs anonymes des fresques de la Rome antique et médiévale, mais aussi Fabriano, Cimabue, Giotto, Botticelli, Raphael, Giulio Romano, Michel-Ange, le Caravage, Guido Reni, le Guerchin, Titien, Vasari, Velasquez, Le Nain, Poussin, Zuccari, Van Wittel, Eckersberg, Giraudet, David, Panini, Hubert Robert, Reynolds, Füssli, Ingres, Sargent, Caffi, Vernet, Turner, Corot, Caffi, De Chirico, etc.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Seychelles according to different definitions, contribution of components, and agreement between different definitions

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a cluster of metabolic disorders that predicts diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several definitions exist and further descriptive and prospective data are needed to compare these definitions and their significance in different populations. Objective: We examined, in a country of the African region, i) the prevalence of MS according to three major definitions (ATP, IDF, WHO); ii) the contribution of individual MS components; and iii) the agreement between the three considered definitions. We also examined the prevalence among diabetics and non-diabetics. Methods: We conducted an examination survey in a sample representative of the general population aged 25-64 of the Seychelles (Indian Ocean, African region), attended by 1255 persons (participation rate of 80.2%). Results: The prevalence of MS was similar with either definition of MS in men (24%--25%) but differed in women (WHO: 25%, ATP: 32%; IDF: 35%). Upon exclusion of diabetic persons, the prevalence was 5-10% lower for all three MS definitions: most diabetic persons had MS although a substantial proportion of diabetic men aged 45--64 did not have MS. The following components were found most often among persons with MS: 90% had high blood pressure (HBP) and 78% had obesity (ATP); 95% had obesity and 84% had HBP (WHO), and 89% had HBP and 75% had impaired glucose regulation (IDF) - not considering impaired glucose regulation and obesity that are compulsory components of the WHO and IDF definitions, respectively. Among persons with MS based on either of the three definitions (37% of total population), less than 80% met both ATP and IDF criteria, 67% both WHO and IDF criteria, 54% both WHO and ATP criteria and only 37% met all three definitions. Conclusion: We found a fairly high prevalence of MS in an African population. However, because there was only poor agreement between the 3 MS definitions, the fairly similar proportions of MS based on ATP, IDF or WHO definitions identified, to a substantial extent, different subjects as having MS.

Radiocarbon dating of modern groundwater: the role of the unsaturated zone

Biological and physical processes occurring in soils may lead to significant isotopic changes between the isotopic compositions of atmospheric CO2 and of soil CO2. Also, during water and gas transport from the soil surface to the water table, isotopic changes likely occur due to numerous physical processes such as gas production and diffusion, water advection, and gas-water-rock interactions. In most cases, these changes are not included in the correction models developed for groundwater dating, whereas they can significantly impact the calculation of the 14C age. We explore the role of these processes using: i) experimental data from two aquifer sites (Fontainebleau sands and Astian sands, France), ii) a distributed model to simulate the 14C activities of soil CO2, and iii) numerical simulations in order to highlight the role of the physical processes.¦The 13C content in soil CO2 showed seasonal variations and highlighted the competition between CO2 production and CO2 diffusion. Their respective contributions played a significant role in defining the isotopic composition of CO2 at the water table. On both study sites, variations of the 14C activity in soil CO2 reflect the competition between the fluxes of root derived-CO2 and organic matter derived-CO2. Since the nuclear weapon tests in the fifties and sixties, soil CO2 became significantly depleted in 14C compared to modern atmospheric CO2. Models that take into account this 14C depletion in soil CO2 for dating modern groundwater would lead to apparent younger 14C ages than models that only consider the 14C activity in atmospheric CO2. Moreover, since 2000-2005, the inverse effect is observed as soil CO2 is enriched in 14C compared to atmospheric CO2.¦Therefore, we conclude that the isotopic composition of CO2 at the water table have to be taken into account for the dating of modern groundwater. This requires a systematic sampling of soil CO2 and the measurement of its 13C and 14C contents. We used this information in a numerical simulation to calculate the evolution of isotopic composition of CO2 from the soil surface to the water table. This simulation integrated physical processes in the unsaturated zone (e.g. CO2 production and diffusion, water advection, etc.) and gas-water-rock interactions.