'Se dire similaire et différent': la (re)présentation de soi et la négociation discursive des références identitaires des ressortissants ex-yougoslaves musulmans au Luxembourg

Cette thèse, qui se base sur des entretiens qualitatifs, porte sur la négociation des références identitaires de musulmans immigrés et réfugiés en provenance de Γ ex-Yougoslavie au Luxembourg et s'intéresse à la pertinence changeante de la religion dans la conception de soi. Selon une approche constructiviste et interactionniste, l'identité est conçue comme un projet constamment négocié, reconstruit dans des processus d'interaction sociale et en fonction des contextes sociaux. Nos données suggèrent l'émergence de constructions identitaires complexes et attestent de la pluridimensionalité et de l'intersectionnalité des références identitaires utilisées dans la conception de soi et témoignent de la non-réduction des individus à des catégories fixes. Différentes catégories sont rendues significatives et de multiples frontières sont établies afin de se différencier de figures d'altérité changeantes, sélectivement choisies pour construire une certaine image de soi. Les discours identitaires témoignent de l'aspiration à une identité positive, dans une situation caractérisée par la perte du statut social et des stigmatisations multiples, en tant que ex-Yougoslaves, demandeurs d'asile et musulmans. Nos interlocuteurs établissent un répertoire identitaire composé de marqueurs transposés, inventés et revalorisés, leur permettant de reconstruire une identité positive pour soi et leurs audiences. Ce travail décrit les manières dont les individus établissent leur répertoire identitaire à l'aide de marqueurs transposés, inventés et revalorisés, leur permettant de reconstruire une identité positive pour soi et leurs audiences et montre comment les processus de différenciation de 'l'autre' dans le pays d'origine et d'accueil sont reliés. - The question addressed in this project with a qualitative design, is how muslim migrants and refugees from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in Luxemburg negotiate salient identity references in a new social political environment and discusses the changing significance of religion and the way it is integrated in the identity patchwork. According to a constructivist and interactionist approach, conceiving identity as a constantly negotiated project, reconstructed in interaction and with regard to social context, identities are relevant only in relation to particular other groups and in certain situations of interaction. Our data suggest the emergence of complex identity patterns using multiple references for self- description and attest of the intersectionnality of identity references and show that individuals can't be reduced to fixed categories. Different categories are made salient and multiple symbolic boundaries are established in order to differentiate from different "others", selected in order to construct a certain self-concept. The discourses of our participants attest of an aspiration towards a positive identity in a situation characterized by the loss of social status and multiple stigmata. This thesis describes the ways how individuals establish their identity repertoire with invented, transposed and negotiated identity references, that allow them to construct a favourable identity for themselves and their public and shows how différenciation processes in home and host country are related.

Education, Equity and Distributive Beliefs: Evidences from the Chilean Case

During the year 2011, Chile has been scenario of several student's demonstrations claiming for more equity in the access to the higher education. The high support to the protests by the side of the general population (nearly 89% of approval in public opinion polls) seems to suggest the existence of a large consensus about the weaknesses of the Chilean educative model, a model that would challenge the traditional ideals of meritocracy and social mobility that are at the core of the educational systems in modern societies. In this context, a question that remains open is to what extent these claims are mostly based on consensual equality ideals, or whether they are influenced by individual socio-economic determinants vis-à-vis rational motives. Using data of the social inequality module International Social Survey Program (ISSP) of 2009, this research analyzes perceptions and beliefs about education and the distributive system as well as the influence of income and educational variables, through a structural equation modeling framework. Preliminary results indicate the presence of socioeconomic cleavages in relation to the fairness of the educational system, questioning the assumption about a normative consensus.

Auguste Ott on Commercial Crises and Distributive Justice: An Early Input-Output Scheme

In 1851 the French Social economist Auguste Ott discussed the problem of gluts and commercial crises, together with the issue of distributive justice between workers in co-operative societies. He did so by means of a 'simple reproduction scheme' sharing some features with modern intersectoral transactions tables, in particular in terms of their graphical representation. This paper presents Ott's theory of crises (which was based on the disappointment of expectations) and the context of his model, and discusses its peculiarities, supplying a new piece for the reconstruction of the prehistory of input-output analysis.

Partisan Cleavages and Distributive Preferences in Chile

Beliefs about how goods and resources should be distributed in society constitute a central element in the identification with political parties. In this sense, the preference for a more or less active role of the state in redistribution is expected to be related with different party identifications and with the left-right continuum. The present article challenges this assumption, proposing that processes of ideological destructuration have led to that party identification does not constitute a current political cleavage in Chile. The data to be analyzed correspond to the International Social Survey Programme survey implemented in Chile in 1999 and 2009. Results indicate there are scarce differences in distributional preferences by the identification with political parties.

Students support demographically-based quotas with distributive justice rules favoring their selection at university

We manipulate distributive justice rules of demographic quotas in university selection. Results show that quotas involving students' need are preferred over equity and authority ranking quotas. International students also differentiate more between quotas than locals, preferring those advantaging them. This suggests that universities should consider students' need in their selection.