Laser-Ultraviolet-A induced ultra weak photon emission in human skin cells: A biophotonic comparison between keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Photons participate in many atomic and molecular interactions and processes. Recent biophysical research has discovered an ultraweak radiation in biological tissues. It is now recognized that plants, animal and human cells emit this very weak biophotonic emission which can be readily measured with a sensitive photomultiplier system. UVA laser induced biophotonic emission of cultured cells was used in this report with the intention to detect biophysical changes between young and adult fibroblasts as well as between fibroblasts and keratinocytes. With suspension densities ranging from 1-8x106 cells/ml, it was evident that an increase of the UVA-laser-light induced photon emission intensity could be observed in young as well as adult fibroblastic cells. By the use of this method to determine ultraweak light emission, photons in cell suspensions in low volumes (100 mu l) could be detected, in contrast to previous procedures using quantities up to 10 ml. Moreover, the analysis has been further refined by turning off the photomultiplier system electronically during irradiation leading to the first measurements of induced light emission in the cells after less than 10 mu s instead of more than 100 milliseconds. These significant changes lead to an improvement factor up to 106 in comparison to classical detection procedures. In addition, different skin cells as fibroblasts and keratinocytes stemining from the same donor were measured using this new highly sensitive method in order to find new biophysical insight of light pathways. This is important in view to develop new strategies in biophotonics especially for use in alternative therapies.

Proliferative and Osteogenic Differentiation Potentials of Human Fetal Bone Cells

BACKGROUND. Human primary fetal bone cells (hFBC) are being characterized for use in bone tissue regeneration. Unlike human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), hFBC are partially differentiated with high expansion and regeneration potential. To date, proliferative and osteoblastic differentiation capacities of fetal bone cells remain poorly examined. The goal of this study was to define an environmental culture conditions for optimal proliferation and production of extracellular bone matrix leading to efficient bone repair. METHODS. Human primary FBC derived from our dedicated, consistent banks of bone cells comprising several fetal donors. For proliferation study, monolayer cultures of both cell types were expanded in DMEM or α- MEM media. Osteoblastic differentiation potentials of both hFBC and hMSC were evaluated through RT-PCR. Regulation of osteogenic differentiation by protein ligands Wnt3a and Wnt5a was studied by ALP enzymatic activity measurement. RESULTS. Evaluation of the proliferation rate demonstrated that hFBC proliferated more rapidly in α-MEM medium. Regarding growth factors that could stimulate cell proliferation rate, we observed that PDGF, FGF2 and Wnt3a had positive effects on proliferation of hFBC. Gene expression analysis demonstrated a higher expression of runx2 in hFBC cultured in basal conditions, which was was similar than that was observed in hMSC in osteoinductive culture conditions. Expression of sox9 was very low in hBFC and hMSC, compared to expression observed in fetal cartilage cells. Looking at osteogenic differentiation capacity, ALP activity was positively regulated byWnt5awhen hFBCwere cultured inα-MEM, but not in DMEM. Conversely, Wnt3a was shown to block the effect of osteogenic inductors on differentiation of both cell types. CONCLUSION. Data presented in this study indicate that the proliferation and differentiation of fetal and mesenchymal stem cells is optimal in α- MEM. Evidence for a pre-differentiated state of hBFC was given by extracellular matrix spontaneous mineralization as well as by higher ALP activity levels observed for these cells in baseline culture conditions, in comparison with hMSC. As we showed that, in vitro, hFBC express a higher capacity to differentiate in osteoblasts, they represent an attractive and promising prospect for fundamental research, and specifically for a new generation of skeletal tissue engineering.

Isolation and in vitro chondrogenic potential of human foetal spine cells.

Cell therapy for nucleus pulposus (NP) regeneration is an attractive treatment for early disc degeneration as shown by studies using autologous NP cells or stem cells. Another potential source of cells is foetal cells. We investigated the feasibility of isolating foetal cells from human foetal spine tissues and assessed their chondrogenic potential in alginate bead cultures. Histology and immunohistochemistry of foetal tissues showed that the structure and the matrix composition (aggrecan, type I and II collagen) of foetal intervertebral disc (IVD) were similar to adult IVD. Isolated foetal cells were cultured in monolayer in basic media supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and from each foetal tissue donation, a cell bank of foetal spine cells at passage 2 was established and was composed of around 2000 vials of 5 million cells. Gene expression and immunohistochemistry of foetal spine cells cultured in alginate beads during 28 days showed that cells were able to produce aggrecan and type II collagen and very low level of type I and type X collagen, indicating chondrogenic differentiation. However variability in matrix synthesis was observed between donors. In conclusion, foetal cells could be isolated from human foetal spine tissues and since these cells showed chondrogenic potential, they could be a potential cell source for IVD regeneration.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

Rôle de l'examen extemporane des ganglions sentinelles des cancers du sein.

Introduction: Le curage ganglionnaire axillaire (CA) complémentaire en cas de micrométastase dans les ganglions sentinelles (GS) des cancers du sein (CS) n'est plus systématique depuis 2011 (Goldhirsch et al. Ann Oncol 2011;22:1736-47). En parallèle, plus de CS sont diagnostiqués à un stade précoce (N0) ; et l'échographie et la cytoponction/biopsie de ganglions axillaires en détectant des métastases en préopératoire permettent une meilleure sélection des patientes pour la procédure du GS. Ces évolutions amènent à réévaluer le rôle de l'examen extemporané des GS (EE). Objectif: Notre but était d'observer l'évolution de la pratique du CA en lien avec les résultats des EE (par cytologie +/- coupe congelée) entre 2011 et 2012 dans notre Centre. Méthode: Pour les 79 patientes dont le CS invasif a été classé pN > 0 en 2011 et 2012 (38 et 41 cas, 25 et 35% des cancers invasifs), nous avons comparé 1/ les taux de CA réalisés : au total; d'emblée (sans GS) ; après résultat positif de l'EE en 1 temps ; et en 2 temps opératoires ; et 2/ les taux d'abstention de CA en cas de GS positif. Résultats: En 2012 par rapport à 2011, bien que les différences ne soient pas significatives, on observe une tendance à la baisse des taux de CA : au total (18,8 vs 26,8%, p=0,24) ; d'emblée (12,8 vs 16,7%, p=0,49) ; après GS (7,3 vs 12,1%, p=0,27) ; en 1 temps opératoire (6,3 vs 9,7%, p=0,46) ; en 2 temps 53 (1,0 vs 2,4%, p=0,63). Les taux d'abstention de CA en cas de GS positif (pN > 0) étaient de 63% en 2012 (12/19, dont 13 pN1mi) vs 0% en 2011(p=0.0001). Discussion : Les effets conjoints du diagnostic précoce des CS, des performances de l'imagerie du creux axillaire et de l'abstention de CA en cas de micrométastases résultent en une tendance à la réduction du nombre de CA réalisés après procédure du GS. Dans cette série, le défaut de sensibilité de l'EE (par une méthode morphologique) pour la détection des micrométastases a permis dans 12/13 cas en 2012 de décider d'une abstention de CA lors de la réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire. Conclusion: Si les tendances observées sur ces deux années se confirment, le bénéfice de l'EE des GS devra à terme être ré-évalué.