Long-term follow-up of four patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome: clinical course and complications.

Long-term observations of individuals with the so-called Langer-Giedion (LGS) or tricho-rhino-phalangeal type II (TRPS2) are scarce. We report here a on follow-up of four LGS individuals, including one first described by Andres Giedion in 1969, and review the sparse publications on adults with this syndrome which comprises ectodermal dysplasia, multiple cone-shaped epiphyses prior to puberty, multiple cartilaginous exostoses, and mostly mild intellectual impairment. LGS is caused by deletion of the chromosomal segment 8q24.11-q24.13 containing among others the genes EXT1 and TRPS1. Most patients with TRPS2 are only borderline or mildly cognitively delayed, and few are of normal intelligence. Their practical skills are better than their intellectual capability, and, for this reason and because of their low self-esteem, they are often underestimated. Some patients develop seizures at variable age. Osteomas on processes of cervical vertebrae may cause pressure on cervical nerves or dissection of cerebral arteries. Joint stiffness is observed during childhood and changes later to joint laxity causing instability and proneness to trauma. Perthes disease is not rare. Almost all males become bald at or soon after puberty, and some develop (pseudo) gynecomastia. Growth hormone deficiency was found in a few patients, TSH deficiency so far only in one. Puberty and fertility are diminished, and no instance of transmission of the deletion from a non-mosaic parent to a child has been observed so far. Several affected females had vaginal atresia with consequent hydrometrocolpos.

Imaging of inflammatory and infectious lesions after injection of radioiodinated monoclonal anti-granulocytes antibodies.

Successful detection of inflammatory lesions by planar scintigraphy and SPECT after injection of iodine-123 labelled monoclonal antibodies directed against human granulocytes (123I-Mabgc) is demonstrated. This new tracer has been compared with indium-111 labelled white blood cells (111In-WBC) in selected patients with proven infectious lesions. Scans were equally positive in all cases, but the methodical advantages of the new marker were obvious, namely, there is no need for cell separation and the images of inflammatory lesions were better defined. In addition, SPECT could be performed with 123I-Mabgc and allowed a better anatomic localization and a three-dimensional description of the lesions. No adverse reactions have been seen. It is concluded, therefore, that 123I-Mabgc is a promising agent for the detection of acute focal inflammatory lesions which may, with advantages, replace 111In-WBC.

Le Christ au miroir de la photographie contemporaine (1981-2011)

Depuis une trentaine d'années, les représentations de la figure de Jésus se sont multipliées en photographie. De la séquence narrative du photographe américain Duane Michals (Christ in New York, 1981) au chemin de croix de Wim Delvoye (Viae Crucis, 2006), en passant par la série I.N.R.I. (1997-98) de Bettina Rheims, les Photographies apocryphes (1994-98) d'Olivier Christinat, les Seven Bible Scenes (1998) de Rauf Mamedov, Ecce homo (1996-98) d'Elisabeth Ohlson, Jesus is my Homeboy (2003) de David LaChapelle ou encore South Soudan (2006) de Vanessa Beecroft, l'intérêt pour la figure christique dans le champ profane est incontestable. Le phénomène dépasse d'ailleurs les frontières géographiques, culturelles et confessionnelles.¦Cette thèse de doctorat réunit un important fonds iconographique qui démontre l'intérêt actuel pour la figure du Christ et la grande diversité des démarches et des profils des artistes. Cet important corpus est analysé selon trois perspectives. La première partie est consacrée au médium photographique, à ses liens étroits avec la sainte Face depuis le cliché du suaire de Turin en 1898, et depuis l'ambitieux projet photographique (1898) de Fred Holland Day qui incame le Christ dans ses nombreuses réinterprétations de la vie de Jésus.¦La deuxième partie de ce travail interroge l'emploi des formules iconographiques chrétiennes archétypales et questionne les références christiques utilisées par les artistes au travers de poses, d'attitudes, de gestes repris de chefs-d'oeuvre de l'art religieux, tant dans le domaine de la photographie d'art que dans la publicité ou la photographie de presse. L'usage du texte, la place des Ecritures dans les projets actuels sont aussi abordés, notamment autour de la question de la possibilité de raconter la vie de Jésus et des stratégies de mises en scène employées pour traduire les récits en images.¦Enfin, la dernière partie porte plus particulièrement sur les usages de la figure de Jésus, souvent alter ego de l'artiste, mais surtout porte-parole. À la suite des luttes socio- politiques des années 1970, la figure de Jésus est réinvestie par les minorités et Jésus incarne alors les combats d'artistes qui se réapproprient la représentation du Christ pour qu'elle corresponde à l'image qu'ils voient dans leur propre miroir (ex. Renee Cox, Yo Mama's Last Supper, 1996). Cet usage revendicateur, souvent doublé d'un goût non dissimulé pour la provocation (ex. Andres Serrano, Piss Christ, 1987), a souvent suscité la polémique. La question de la réception des oeuvres constitue un point essentiel de cette recherche qui tâche d'analyser la figure christique au miroir de la photographie contemporaine et qui conclut que le Christ est en réalité miroir des artistes eux-mêmes.

Immunoscintigraphic localization of inflammatory lesions: concept, radiolabelling and in vitro testing of a granulocyte specific antibody.

Current nuclear medicine techniques for the localization of inflammatory processes are based on injection of 111In labelled autologous granulocytes which need to be isolated and radiolabelled in vitro before reinjection. A new technique is presented here that obviates the need for cell isolation by the direct intravenous injection of a granulocyte specific 123I labelled monoclonal antibody. In this publication the basic parameters of the antibody granulocyte interaction are described. Antibody binding does not inhibit vital functions of the granulocytes, such as chemotaxis and superoxide generation. Scatchard analysis of binding data reveals an apparent affinity of the antibody for granulocytes of 6.8 X 10(9) l/mol and approximately 7.1 X 10(4) binding sites per cell. Due to the high specificity of the antibody, the only expected interference is from CEA producing tumors.

Maladie de Fabry. Analyse sémiologique de 17 familles en France et en Suisse

Etude de cohorte en France et en Suisse (7 centres). Analyse sémiologique des cas de maladie de Fabry (MF). Les cas index étaient 12 H, 5 F : âgemoyen au diagnostic 30 (9-58) et 34 ans (10-49), resp. Chez les H, le 1er symptôme était : acroparesthésies (acroP) (n=9) en moyenne à 8 ans (4-19). Le délai moyen premier symptôme-MF était de 17 ans (0-51), plus court en cas d'acroP qu'en cas d'autre symptôme révélateur (12.3 vs 19.6 ans). Les acroP « négligées » retardaient le diagnostic : angiokératomes (n=1, délai 28 ans), AVC du sujet jeune (n=2, délais 20 et 24 ans), insuffisance rénale terminale (n=1, délai 51 ans). Deux patients avaient une sémiologie complète : acroP, angiokératomes, hypohidrose, cornée verticillée, atteinte cérébrale, rénale (2 transplantations), cardiaque. Une hypoacousie était fréquente (n=6). Les errances diagnostiques ont été : SEP, neurobrucellose, PAN, cardiomyopathie hypertensive malgré l'absence d'HTA. Chez les F, le 1er symptôme était : acroP (n=3), cornée verticillée (n=1), angiokératomes (n=1). Le délai premier symptôme-MF était en moyenne de 15.6 ans (0-37). Tous les patients, à l'exception d'1 F, sont sous traitement enzymatique. Dans leurs familles, 47 autres cas (27H/20F) ont été diagnostiqués. La MF est à transmission dominante liée à l'X, avec expressivité variable. Elle atteint l'homme et la femme. Le diagnostic est trop tardif : l'interniste doit connaître la MF pour laquelle existe un traitement par alpha-galactosidase.

Services sans frontières : mondialisation, normalisation et régulation de l'économie des services

Les services pèsent plus de 80 % du PIB des pays de l'OCDE mais à peine plus de 20 % dans leurs échanges internationaux, écart qui s'explique, pour partie, par la difficulté à préconiser des normes internationales de type ISO aux activités du secteur tertiaire. À l'aide d'un riche ensemble d'études de cas, un éclairage sur les entraves à la mondialisation des services, qu'elles soient d'ordre social, économique ou culturel. Unique dans sa thématique, l'ouvrage s'éloigne des analyses conventionnelles sur la mondialisation des marchés et les rapports de puissance interétatiques. En plaçant la problématique des services au coeur du nouveau régime de croissance capitaliste, il met en perspective les polémiques sur la sous-traitance et les délocalisations et ouvre la voie à de nouvelles hypothèses sur les liens entre tertiarisation, internationalisation et normalisation. Ont également contribué à cet ouvrage : Pablo Andres Diaz ? Christian du Tertre ? François-Xavier Dudouet ? Tero Erkkilä ? Eva Hartmann ? Christophe Hauert ? Niilo Kauppi ? Pascal Petit ? Carlos Ramirez ? Antoine Vion.

CD47 knockout mice exhibit improved recovery from spinal cord injury.

Recent data have implicated thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) signaling in the acute neuropathological events that occur in microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) following spinal cord injury (SCI) (Benton et al., 2008b). We hypothesized that deletion of TSP-1 or its receptor CD47 would reduce these pathological events following SCI. CD47 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including vascular ECs and neutrophils. CD47 binds to TSP-1 and inhibits angiogenesis. CD47 also binds to the signal regulatory protein (SIRP)α and facilitates neutrophil diapedesis across ECs to sites of injury. After contusive SCI, TSP-1(-/-) mice did not show functional improvement compared to wildtype (WT) mice. CD47(-/-) mice, however, exhibited functional locomotor improvements and greater white matter sparing. Whereas targeted deletion of either CD47 or TSP-1 improved acute epicenter vascularity in contused mice, only CD47 deletion reduced neutrophil diapedesis and increased microvascular perfusion. An ex vivo model of the CNS microvasculature revealed that CD47(-/-)-derived microvessels (MVs) prominently exhibit adherent WT or CD47(-/-) neutrophils on the endothelial lumen, whereas WT-derived MVs do not. This implicates a defect in diapedesis mediated by the loss of CD47 expression on ECs. In vitro transmigration assays confirmed the role of SIRPα in neutrophil diapedesis through EC monolayers. We conclude that CD47 deletion modestly, but significantly, improves functional recovery from SCI via an increase in vascular patency and a reduction of SIRPα-mediated neutrophil diapedesis, rather than the abrogation of TSP-1-mediated anti-angiogenic signaling.

Parametrial adipose tissue and metabolic dysfunctions induced by fructose-rich diet in normal and neonatal-androgenized adult female rats.

Hyperandrogenemia predisposes an organism toward developing impaired insulin sensitivity. The aim of our study was to evaluate endocrine and metabolic effects during early allostasis induced by a fructose-rich diet (FRD) in normal (control; CT) and neonatal-androgenized (testosterone propionate; TP) female adult rats. CT and TP rats were fed either a normal diet (ND) or an FRD for 3 weeks immediately before the day of study, which was at age 100 days. Energy intake, body weight (BW), parametrial (PM) fat characteristics, and endocrine/metabolic biomarkers were then evaluated. Daily energy intake was similar in CT and TP rats regardless of the differences in diet. When compared with CT-ND rats, the TP-ND rats were heavier, had larger PM fat, and were characterized by basal hypoadiponectinemia and enhanced plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and leptin. FRD-fed CT rats, when compared with CT-ND rats, had high plasma levels of NEFA, triglyceride (TG), PAI-1, leptin, and adiponectin. The TP-FRD rats, when compared with TP-ND rats, displayed enhanced leptinemia and triglyceridemia, and were hyperinsulinemic, with glucose intolerance. The PM fat taken from TP rats displayed increase in the size of adipocytes, decrease in adiponectin (protein/gene), and a greater abundance of the leptin gene. PM adipocyte response to insulin was impaired in CT-FRD, TP-ND, and TP-FRD rats. A very short duration of isocaloric FRD intake in TP rats induced severe metabolic dysfunction at the reproductive age. Our study supports the hypothesis that the early-androgenized female rat phenotype is highly susceptible to developing endocrine/metabolic dysfunction. In turn, these abnormalities enhance the risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

Increased male offspring's risk of metabolic-neuroendocrine dysfunction and overweight after fructose-rich diet intake by the lactating mother.

An adverse endogenous environment during early life predisposes the organism to develop metabolic disorders. We evaluated the impact of intake of an iso-caloric fructose rich diet (FRD) by lactating mothers (LM) on several metabolic functions of their male offspring. On postnatal d 1, ad libitum eating, lactating Sprague-Dawley rats received either 10% F (wt/vol; FRD-LM) or tap water (controls, CTR-LM) to drink throughout lactation. Weaned male offspring were fed ad libitum a normal diet, and body weight (BW) and food intake were registered until experimentation (60 d of age). Basal circulating levels of metabolic markers were evaluated. Both iv glucose tolerance and hypothalamic leptin sensitivity tests were performed. The hypothalamus was dissected for isolation of total RNA and Western blot analysis. Retroperitoneal (RP) adipose tissue was dissected and either kept frozen for gene analysis or digested to isolate adipocytes or for histological studies. FRD rats showed increased BW and decreased hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous leptin, enhanced food intake (between 49-60 d), and decreased hypothalamic expression of several anorexigenic signals. FRD rats developed increased insulin and leptin peripheral levels and decreased adiponectinemia; although FRD rats normally tolerated glucose excess, it was associated with enhanced insulin secretion. FRD RP adipocytes were enlarged and spontaneously released high leptin, although they were less sensitive to insulin-induced leptin release. Accordingly, RP fat leptin gene expression was high in FRD rats. Excessive fructose consumption by lactating mothers resulted in deep neuroendocrine-metabolic disorders of their male offspring, probably enhancing the susceptibility to develop overweight/obesity during adult life.

Current cardiovascular risk management patterns with special focus on lipid lowering in daily practice in Switzerland.

Background: There may be a considerable gap between LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and blood pressure (BP) goal values recommended by the guidelines and results achieved in daily practice. Design Prospective cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular disease risk profiles and management with focus on lipid lowering and BP lowering in clinical practice. Methods: In phase 1, the cardiovascular risk of patients with known lipid profile visiting their general practitioner was anonymously assessed in accordance to the PROCAM-score. In phase 2, high-risk patients who did not achieve LDL-C goal less than 2.6 mmol/l in phase 1 could be further documented. Results: Six hundred thirty-five general practitioners collected the data of 23 892 patients with known lipid profile. Forty percent were high-risk patients (diabetes mellitus or coronary heart disease or PROCAM-score >20%), compared with 27% estimated by the physicians. Goal attainment rate was almost double for BP than for LDL-C in high-risk patients (62 vs. 37%). Both goals were attained by 25%. LDL-C values in phase 1 and 2 were available for 3097 high-risk patients not at LDL-C goal in phase 1; 32% of patients achieved LDL-C goal of less than 2.6 mmol/l after a mean of 17 weeks. The most successful strategies for LDL-C reduction were implemented in only 22% of the high-risk patients. Conclusion: Although patients at high cardiovascular risk were treated more intensively than low or medium risk patients, the majority remained insufficiently controlled, which is an incentive for intensified medical education. Adequate implementation of Swiss and International guidelines would expectedly contribute to improved achievement of LDL-C and BP goal values in daily practice.

Les anticoagulants oraux directs en 2015 chez le patient âgé: focus chez le sujet fragile

Depuis les études princeps de phase III de non-inf ériorité comparant les anticoagulants oraux directs (AOD) à la warfarine, de nombreuses études ont essayé de répondre à la question de l'efficacité et de la sécurité d'utilisation des AOD chez les patients âgés. Ces études sont des études de sous-groupes complémentaires issues des études princeps ou des études de pharmacovigilance en postmarketing utilisant des données médicoéconomiques à grande échelle. De nombreux biais, par définition, peuvent entraîner une distorsion des résultats dans de telles études, rendant leur interprétation prudente. Aucun essai randomisé contrôlé n'a à ce jour comparé les AOD à la warfarine chez des patients de 80 ans ou plus et a fortiori chez des sujets âgés fragiles. En pratique, chez le patient âgé fragile, il n'y a pas de consensus quant au choix des anticoagulants à prescrire en cas de fibrillation atriale (FA) et de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse (MTEV). Quant au choix de l'AOD à privilégier chez le sujet âgé, faute d'études de comparaison directe disponibles à ce jour, il apparaît difficile de se prononcer. Toutefois, les données disponibles, tant sur le plan pharmacologique que celles issues des études complémentaires, semblent montrer que le dabigatran offre un profil bénéfice/risque moins favorable que les autres AOD. Néanmoins, les résultats prometteurs de l'idarucizumab, antidote du dabigatran, pourraient contribuer à améliorer ce rapport à l'avenir.