L'home que venia de Natzaret. El que avui podem saber de Jesus

Quina mena d'home era Jesús? Menut o espigat? Tenia el parlar sec, el gest franc? Era calb, duia barba?... Esperava que el reialme arribaria de seguida? Va patir, algun dia, el sentiment de fracàs? Imaginà que arribaria l'Església?L'autor manlleva els elements cabdals de les investigacions històriques més recents sobre Jesús i en fa un retrat molt particular: no és un retrat inèdit, sinó un retrat en què el rostre de Jesús es destria de moltes imatges amb què sovint se l'ha confós. Escoltant les seves paràboles, assistint als seus miracles, seguint-lo en el seu camí de la creu, el lector és conduït a descobrir que en ell Déu s'ha fet proper als homes i els ha donat un centre nou a la seva història.

Mateo y el judaismo : una rivalidad de hermanos enemigos

(Résumé de l'ouvrage) La pregunta se plantea con frecuencia brutalmente: ¿es antijudío el Nuevo Testamento? ¿Cómo el mensaje de amor de Jesús ha podido conllevar incluso justificar, el desprecio, el odio y la violencia de los cristianos contra los judíos a lo largo de dos milenios? ¿Qué pensaban exactamente los autores de los Evangelios, los Hechos de los Apóstoles y las Catas? ¿Cómo se entendieron sus escritos en el siglo siguiente? Cinco especialistas aclaran estas preguntas proponiendo lecturas atentas de los diversos textos del Nuevo Testamento que hablan de los judíos.

Judios y cristianos segun Lucas-Hechos : una busqueda de identidad

(Résumé de l'ouvrage) La pregunta se plantea con frecuencia brutalmente: ¿es antijudío el Nuevo Testamento? ¿Cómo el mensaje de amor de Jesús ha podido conllevar incluso justificar, el desprecio, el odio y la violencia de los cristianos contra los judíos a lo largo de dos milenios? ¿Qué pensaban exactamente los autores de los Evangelios, los Hechos de los Apóstoles y las Catas? ¿Cómo se entendieron sus escritos en el siglo siguiente? Cinco especialistas aclaran estas preguntas proponiendo lecturas atentas de los diversos textos del Nuevo Testamento que hablan de los judíos.

El hombre que vino de Nazaret. Lo que hoy se puede saber sobre Jesus

Ante todos los interrogantes que aparecen sobre la persona de Jesús, el autor se atreve a tomar un reto: darle toda su consistencia histórica, todo su espíritu y toda su verdad. Tomando los principales elementos de las recientes investigaciones históricas, no intenta presentar un retrato inédito de Jesús, quiere más bien distinguirlo de aquellas imágenes con las que se lo ha confundido. Un libro sincero, objetivo y atrevido a la hora de tratar las cuestiones históricas, pero también prudente y respetuoso con las fuentes utilizadas.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

The course of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and postpartum: a prospective European ECCO-EpiCom Study of 209 pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: The impact of pregnancy on the course of IBD is still controversial. AIM: To investigate the impact of pregnancy on IBD and to search for factors with potential impact on remission. METHODS: Pregnant IBD women from 12 European countries were enrolled between January 2003 and December 2006 and compared at conception (1:1) with nonpregnant IBD women. Data on disease course were prospectively collected at each trimester during pregnancy and in the postpartum (6 months) using a standardised questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 209 pregnant IBD women were included: 92 with Crohn's disease (CD; median age 31 years, range 17-40) and 117 with ulcerative colitis (UC; median age 32 years, range 19-42). No statistically significant difference in disease course during pregnancy and postpartum was observed between pregnant and nonpregnant CD women. Longer disease duration in CD and immunosuppressive therapy were found to be risk factors for activity during pregnancy. Pregnant UC women were more likely than nonpregnant UC women to relapse both during pregnancy (RR 2.19; 95% CI: 1.25-3.97, 0.004) and postpartum (RR 6.22; 95% CI: 2.05-79.3, P = 0.0004). During pregnancy, relapse was mainly observed in the first (RR 8.80; 95% CI 2.05-79.3, P < 0.0004) and the second trimester (RR 2.84, 95% CI 1.2-7.45, P = 0.0098). CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with Crohn's disease had a similar disease course both during pregnancy and after delivery as the nonpregnant women. In contrast, pregnant women with ulcerative colitis were at higher risk of relapse during pregnancy and in the postpartum than nonpregnant ulcerative colitis women.