'Dusky Sally': La femme esclave entre histoire et fiction

Au travers d'une étude parallèle de deux femmes esclaves - l'une figure historique, l'autre personnage de fiction - et de la façon dont elles ont été inscrites dans, et surtout hors du récit historique et littéraire américain, cet essai vise d'une part à interroger les biais et les limitations de l'historiographie traditionnelle américaine dans sa représentation de l'esclave, et d'autre part à évaluer le rôle de la littérature dans la critique et la « re-vision » du discours historique. Le roman de Gloria Naylor Mama Day (1988) offre ainsi un détour intéressant pour mettre en lumière les processus discursifs, épistémologiques et idéologiques qui ont permis et perpétué l'absence de femmes comme Sally Hemings, esclave et maîtresse supposée de Thomas Jefferson, dans l'Histoire américaine.Through a parallel discussion of two slave women - the first a historical figure, the second a fiction character - and of the way they have been inscribed in, and indeed out of, the historical and fictional narrative of America's past, this essay aims both to interrogate the biases and limitations of traditional American historiography in its representation of slaves and to evaluate the role of literature in the critique and "re-vision" of historical discourse. Gloria Naylor's novel Mama Day (1988) thus provides an interesting detour to cast light on the discursive, epistemological and ideological processes that have permitted and perpetuated the absence from American History of women like Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson's slave and supposed mistress.

Mutations in CTC1, encoding conserved telomere maintenance component 1, cause Coats plus.

Coats plus is a highly pleiotropic disorder particularly affecting the eye, brain, bone and gastrointestinal tract. Here, we show that Coats plus results from mutations in CTC1, encoding conserved telomere maintenance component 1, a member of the mammalian homolog of the yeast heterotrimeric CST telomeric capping complex. Consistent with the observation of shortened telomeres in an Arabidopsis CTC1 mutant and the phenotypic overlap of Coats plus with the telomeric maintenance disorders comprising dyskeratosis congenita, we observed shortened telomeres in three individuals with Coats plus and an increase in spontaneous γH2AX-positive cells in cell lines derived from two affected individuals. CTC1 is also a subunit of the α-accessory factor (AAF) complex, stimulating the activity of DNA polymerase-α primase, the only enzyme known to initiate DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Thus, CTC1 may have a function in DNA metabolism that is necessary for but not specific to telomeric integrity.

Molecular and therapeutic characterization of anti-ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR) agonist monoclonal antibodies.

The TNF family ligand ectodysplasin A (EDA) and its receptor EDAR are required for proper development of skin appendages such as hair, teeth, and eccrine sweat glands. Loss of function mutations in the Eda gene cause X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), a condition that can be ameliorated in mice and dogs by timely administration of recombinant EDA. In this study, several agonist anti-EDAR monoclonal antibodies were generated that cross-react with the extracellular domains of human, dog, rat, mouse, and chicken EDAR. Their half-life in adult mice was about 11 days. They induced tail hair and sweat gland formation when administered to newborn EDA-deficient Tabby mice, with an EC(50) of 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg. Divalency was necessary and sufficient for this therapeutic activity. Only some antibodies were also agonists in an in vitro surrogate activity assay based on the activation of the apoptotic Fas pathway. Activity in this assay correlated with small dissociation constants. When administered in utero in mice or at birth in dogs, agonist antibodies reverted several ectodermal dysplasia features, including tooth morphology. These antibodies are therefore predicted to efficiently trigger EDAR signaling in many vertebrate species and will be particularly suited for long term treatments.