Infantile spasms is associated with deletion of the MAGI2 gene on chromosome 7q11.23-q21.11.

Infantile spasms (IS) is the most severe and common form of epilepsy occurring in the first year of life. At least half of IS cases are idiopathic in origin, with others presumed to arise because of brain insult or malformation. Here, we identify a locus for IS by high-resolution mapping of 7q11.23-q21.1 interstitial deletions in patients. The breakpoints delineate a 500 kb interval within the MAGI2 gene (1.4 Mb in size) that is hemizygously disrupted in 15 of 16 participants with IS or childhood epilepsy, but remains intact in 11 of 12 participants with no seizure history. MAGI2 encodes the synaptic scaffolding protein membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted-2 that interacts with Stargazin, a protein also associated with epilepsy in the stargazer mouse.

Recurrent mutations in the CDKL5 gene: Genotype-phenotype relationships.

Mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) have been described in epileptic encephalopathies in females with infantile spasms with features that overlap with Rett syndrome. With more than 80 reported patients, the phenotype of CDKL5-related encephalopathy is well-defined. The main features consist of seizures starting before 6 months of age, severe intellectual disability with absent speech and hand stereotypies and deceleration of head growth, which resembles Rett syndrome. However, some clinical discrepancies suggested the influence of genetics and/or environmental factors. No genotype-phenotype correlation has been defined and thus there is a need to examine individual mutations. In this study, we analyzed eight recurrent CDKL5 mutations to test whether the clinical phenotype of patients with the same mutation is similar and whether patients with specific CDKL5 mutations have a milder phenotype than those with other CDKL5 mutations. Patients bearing missense mutations in the ATP binding site such as the p.Ala40Val mutation typically walked unaided, had normocephaly, better hand use ability, and less frequent refractory epilepsy when compared to girls with other CDKL5 mutations. In contrast, patients with mutations in the kinase domain (such as p.Arg59X, p.Arg134X, p.Arg178Trp/Pro/Gln, or c.145 + 2T > C) and frameshift mutations in the C-terminal region (such as c.2635_2636delCT) had a more severe phenotype with infantile spasms, refractory epileptic encephalopathy, absolute microcephaly, and inability to walk. It is important for clinicians to have this information when such patients are diagnosed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Autistic spectrum disorder: evaluating a possible contributing or causal role of epilepsy.

The onset of epilepsy in brain systems involved in social communication and/or recognition of emotions can occasionally be the cause of autistic symptoms or may aggravate preexisting autistic symptoms. Knowing that cognitive and/or behavioral abnormalities can be the presenting and sometimes the only symptom of an epileptic disorder or can even be caused by paroxysmal EEG abnormalities without recognized seizures, the possibility that this may apply to autism has given rise to much debate. Epilepsy and/or epileptic EEG abnormalities are frequently associated with autistic disorders in children but this does not necessarily imply that they are the cause; great caution needs to be exercised before drawing any such conclusions. So far, there is no evidence that typical autism can be attributed to an epileptic disorder, even in those children with a history of regression after normal early development. Nevertheless, there are several early epilepsies (late infantile spasms, partial complex epilepsies, epilepsies with CSWS, early forms of Landau-Kleffner syndrome) and with different etiologies (tuberous sclerosis is an important model of these situations) in which a direct relationship between epilepsy and some features of autism may be suspected. In young children who primarily have language regression (and who may have autistic features) without evident cause, and in whom paroxysmal focal EEG abnormalities are also found, the possible direct role of epilepsy can only be evaluated in longitudinal studies.

The role of epilepsy in early language development in a child with a congenital lesion in the right hemisphere

Early epilepsy is known to worsen the developmental prognosis of young children with a congenital focal brain lesion, but its direct role is often very difficult to delineate from the other variables. This requires prolonged periods of follow-up with simultaneous serial electrophysiological and developmental assessments which are rarely obtained. We studied a male infant with a right prenatal infarct in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery resulting in a left spastic hemiparesis, and an epileptic disorder (infantile spasms with transient right hemihypsarrhythmia and focal seizures) from the age of 7 months until the age of 4 years. Pregnancy and delivery were normal. A dissociated delay of early language acquisition affecting mainly comprehension without any autistic features was documented. This delay was much more severe than usually expected in children with early focal lesions, and its evolution, with catch-up to normal, was correlated with the active phase of the epilepsy. We postulate that the epilepsy specifically amplified a pattern of delayed language emergence, mainly affecting lexical comprehension, reported in children with early right hemisphere damage.

Acute infantile encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobe (AIEF): A European case.

Acute infantile encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobes (AIEF) has been described as a new entity, based on MRI findings (acute abnormal diffusion-weighted imaging signals in the frontal lobes followed by atrophy) and exclusion of other acute encephalopathies. Patients present with acute onset of fever, status epilepticus, and coma. Different causal mechanisms have been suggested such as localized viral infection, toxic insult due to cytokines, or postictal damage. Only children of Japanese descent have been described. We report the case of a Caucasian girl whose history and MRI findings were similar to the Japanese cases. She had a massive regression with verbal apraxia, while cognitive development was less affected; she initially presented with a cluster of complex partial seizures (and not convulsive status epilepticus), making epileptic or post anoxic-ischemic sequelae highly unlikely. The place of this proposed entity among other recently described acute encephalopathies with abnormal diffusion on MRI is discussed.

Il desiderio materno nei casi di maltrattamento infantile

The work of this thesis would like to investigate two particular questions about the care of underage: on the one hand, the maltreatment, and the mother's desire on the other hand. About the first, this proposal try to underscore the elaborate irregularity and disparity related to this phenomenon and his historical evolution. The objective's thesis propose to underline that the abuse crosses the crisis of educational dimension inside and outside the family. We are talking about a type of crisi that places at the origin of a specific clinic and that it is about the maltreatment designated, at the same time, to cope with the educational void and with the ill-treated under age's hardships. The so-called clinic of the maltreatment horns, therefore, with the purpose to join and to set in order the normative and educational aspects. However, the prescriptive requirement is intended to measure against the same one crisis in a paradoxical way; the laws and the juveniles court must make up for the lack absence of the rules that characterized the maltreatment, getting around to use the typical reference that traditionally were been at the base of the educational way's construction. The same crimes on underage often found in the father the responsibility. The requirements and the therapeutic needs has utilized the theoretical construct of the trauma as the key line of clinical practice. On the one hand, the trauma was been paired controversially to the psychoanalytical concepts as the notion of the phantom, in the same manner that the objective truth is been opposed to the notion of the imagination and fantasy; on the other hand, the trauma was gotten to be the mark and the characteristic that defined the individual identity of the mistreated persons, regardless of the person's clinical structure or, generally, regardless of the their individual position. Both the normative demand and therapeutic converge on the idealization of the imaginary figure that is able to supply to every type of maltreatment: the mother. This position is connected on theoretical construct well-established in the mythology, that associated the mother figure to a natural dimension; this is related to the second point at issue: the mother's desire. The awareness of the mother figure in natural and idealized terms describes accusingly and negatively the trauma, without seeing the difference between trauma that helps to give a structure to the individual position from the trauma solely devastating. The mother's mythology, therefore, is in an evident antagonism with the female figure and woman's sexuality. In these way the maltreatment's clinic suggests that a woman is able to be a mother only when she doesn't appreciate the rule of female. This situation preclusives a comparison with own sexuality and gives to the women a complex of castration. The clinic cases reported highlight as these difficulties are the expression of the familiarity's heredity that wasn't been sufficiently elaborated. This condition (into the relation between mother and his child) turn the infant in the incapacity to symbolized and it doesn't help him to accede to the positive trauma, to the language and to the edipic rule; this is the reason why the child toils difficulties to approach to own personality and to orient himself in the relation with his body, with the body of the adults and the same age children.

Propranolol in infantile haemangioma: simplifying pretreatment monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Infantile haemangiomas (IHs) are very common vascular tumours. Propranolol is at present the first-line treatment for problematic and complicated haemangioma. In accordance with a Swiss protocol, children are monitored for 2 days at the start of the treatment to detect possible side effects of this drug. Our study advocates a simplification of the pretreatment monitoring process. METHODS: All children with a problematic and complicated haemangioma treated with propranolol between September 2009 and September 2012 were included in the study. All patients were hospitalised under constant nurse supervision for 48 hours at the start of the treatment and subjected to cardiac and blood measurements. The dosage of propranolol was 1 mg/kg/day on the first day and 2 mg/kg/day from the second day. Demographic data, clinical features, treatment outcome and complications were analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine infants were included in our study. Of these, 86.2% responded immediately to the treatment. There were no severe adverse reactions. Six patients presented transient side effects such as bradycardia, hypotension after the first dose and hypoglycaemia later. No side effects occurred after the second dose. Treatment was never interrupted. CONCLUSION: Propranolol (a β-blocker) is a safe treatment for problematic IH. Side effects may occur after the first dose. A strict 48 hour monitoring in hospital is expensive and may be unnecessary as long as the contraindications for the drug are respected.

Mortinatalité et mortalité infantile dans le canton du Valais

[Table des matières] Caractéristiques des naissances, 1979-1985. Evolution séculaire des mortalités néonatale, post-néonatale et infantile par sexe, 1901-1987 (données quinquennales). Evolution de la mortinatalité par sexe, 1969-1987. Taux de mortalité, canton de Valais, 1979-1985(87).

Mortinatalité, mortalité infantile et hospitalisations pédiatriques dans le canton de Vaud

[Table des matières] Caractéristiques des naissances, 1979-1985. Evolution séculaire des mortalités néonatale, post-néonatale et infantile par sexe, 1901-1987 (données quinquennales). Evolution de la mortinatalité par sexe, 1969-1987 (données annuelles). Taux de mortalité, canton de Vaud, 1979-1987(87). Hospitalisations pédiatriques (0-19 ans), canton de Vaud, 1986.

« Représentations de la maltraitance infantile d'un groupe d'enseignantes d'une école primaire du canton de Vaud, leur rôle dans ce domaine et leurs connaissances sur les procédures de signalement. »

Le rapport international le plus récent concernant la maltraitance infantile date de 2006 : il s'agit du Rapport mondial sur la violence contre les enfants, du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies (1). La définition retenue pour la maltraitance infantile s'inspire de celle du Rapport mondial sur la violence et la santé, de l'OMS en 2002 (2) : «La menace ou l'utilisation intentionnelle de la force physique ou du pouvoir contre un enfant par un individu ou un groupe qui entraîne ou risque fortement de causer un préjudice à la santé, à la survie, au développement ou à la dignité de l'enfant.». Il existe différentes formes de maltraitance : - la maltraitance physique (brutalités, coups, blessures, brûlures, etc.)  la maltraitance psychologique (insultes, humiliation, isolement, terroriser l'enfant, etc.) - la maltraitance sexuelle (exhibitionnisme, attouchements, relations sexuelles, etc.) - les négligences (manque d'attention et de soins) Dans la majorité des cas, plusieurs formes de maltraitances sont présentes chez un enfant victime de mauvais traitements ; elles se chevauchent (3). L'Observatoire national de l'Action Sociale Décentralisée (ODAS) a réalisé une classification des enfants à protéger, les définitions sont les suivantes (4): L'enfant maltraité est « celui qui est victime de violences physiques, d'abus sexuels, de cruauté mentale, de négligences lourdes ayant des conséquences sur son développement physique et psychologique. » L'enfant en risque est « celui qui connaît des conditions d'existence qui risquent de mettre en danger sa santé, sa sécurité, sa moralité, son éducation ou son entretien, mais qui n'est pas pour autant maltraité. » L'enfant en souffrance est « un enfant aimé et soigné mais qui souffre des conditions d'existences qui fragilisent ou menacent son développement et son épanouissement personnel. » En Suisse, peu de données sont disponibles concernant la prévalence de la maltraitance étant donné la difficulté à récolter des données. Selon l'Office Fédéral de la Statistique suisse, les résultats d'une étude de 2004 montre une diminution des châtiments corporels par rapport à une étude semblable réalisée 12 ans auparavant (5). Cependant, la maltraitance infantile est un problème de santé publique du fait de la gravité de ses conséquences sur la santé physique, mentale et sociale de l'individu et de son retentissement sur la communauté ainsi que de sa fréquence estimée dans la population suisse. Elle a des effets néfastes sur la santé de l'enfant par mortalité directe ou morbidité directe ou indirecte et représente également un facteur de risque pour la santé physique et mentale, le développement et les perspectives de réalisation personnelle du jeune adulte et de l'adulte (6). On sait aujourd'hui que le nombre de cas de maltraitance signalés en Suisse est en augmentation. Ceci démontre que la maltraitance est un phénomène courant. Cependant, les professionnels ne pensent pas MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 3 que le phénomène de la maltraitance infantile soit en augmentation, mais que les cas de maltraitance sont mieux repérés, que les professionnels s'occupant d'enfants sont plus sensibles à cette problématique et qu'il y a donc davantage de signalements (7). La prévention de la maltraitance est nécessaire et possible. Des interventions ont établi leur efficacité et il a été démontré que plus l'intervention est précoce, plus elle a de chances de réussite (2). C'est la raison pour laquelle il est important de repérer les cas de maltraitance précocement afin de pouvoir intervenir, aider les familles et garantir la protection de l'enfant. Des mesures de prévention ont été mises en place au niveau international, comme au niveau fédéral, pour assurer la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de l'enfant victime de maltraitance. Au niveau international, la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant a été adoptée par l'Assemblée Générale en 1989 (8). Elle reconnaît l'enfant comme personne indépendante ayant des droits propres. Cette convention est divisée en quatre parties comportant : les principes directeurs (la non-discrimination, viser les meilleurs intérêts pour l'enfant, le droit de vivre, de survivre et de se développer, le droit de participation), les droits de survie et de développement (le droit à avoir les ressources, les compétences et les contributions nécessaires pour pouvoir survivre et pouvoir profiter d'un développement complet), les droits de protection (de toutes les formes de maltraitance envers les enfants, négligences, exploitation et cruauté), les droits de participation (la liberté d'expression de leurs opinions, de parler de sujets qui concernent leur vie sociale, économique, religieuse, culturelle ou politique et d'être écouté, la liberté d'information et la liberté d'association). Les stratégies de prévention de la maltraitance infantile visent à réduire les causes sous- jacentes et les facteurs de risque, tout en renforçant les facteurs de protection, de façon à prévenir de nouveaux cas (9). Elles comprennent : les stratégies sociétales et communautaires (mise en place de réformes juridiques et des droits de la personne humaine, instauration des politiques sociales et économiques favorables, correction des normes sociales et culturelles, réduction des inégalités économiques, réduction du facteur de risque environnemental, formation des professionnels), les stratégies relationnelles (formation parentale et des adultes s'occupant d'enfants), les stratégies individuelles (apprendre aux enfants à reconnaître et à éviter les situations de violence potentielle). En plus des mesures structurelles mises en place par les états (scolarisation obligatoire, dispositif légal, service de protection des enfants et des jeunes, services de santé spécialisés, etc.), des associations de lutte contre la maltraitance infantile existent et jouent également un rôle important dans la prévention. Par exemple, la Fondation Suisse pour la Protection de l'Enfant s'emploie à analyser les causes de la violence envers les MF / Travail de master en médecine / 2011-2012 4 enfants et à les combattre, à protéger les enfants contre la violence physique, psychologique, sexuelle et structurelle ainsi que contre la négligence par le biais d'un travail de prévention ciblé à l'échelle nationale. Elle vise également à apprendre aux enfants comment se protéger eux-mêmes et demander de l'aide, à sensibiliser les adultes qui les entourent au fait que les enfants ont une personnalité propre et qu'ils ont le droit d'être protégés et encouragés et à demander au niveau politique que l'on mette en place des structures adaptées aux enfants (10).