A progressive autosomal recessive cataract locus maps to chromosome 9q13-q22.

Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in most countries. Although most hereditary cases appear to follow an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance has been clearly documented and is probably underrecognized. We studied a large family-from a relatively isolated geographic region-whose members were affected by autosomal recessive adult-onset pulverulent cataracts. We mapped the disease locus to a 14-cM interval at a novel disease locus, 9q13-q22 (between markers D9S1123 and D9S257), with a LOD score of 4.7. The study of this progressive and age-related cataract phenotype may provide insight into the cause of the more common sporadic form of age-related cataracts.

Genome-wide meta-analysis of common variant differences between men and women.

The male-to-female sex ratio at birth is constant across world populations with an average of 1.06 (106 male to 100 female live births) for populations of European descent. The sex ratio is considered to be affected by numerous biological and environmental factors and to have a heritable component. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of common allele modest effects at autosomal and chromosome X variants that could explain the observed sex ratio at birth. We conducted a large-scale genome-wide association scan (GWAS) meta-analysis across 51 studies, comprising overall 114 863 individuals (61 094 women and 53 769 men) of European ancestry and 2 623 828 common (minor allele frequency >0.05) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Allele frequencies were compared between men and women for directly-typed and imputed variants within each study. Forward-time simulations for unlinked, neutral, autosomal, common loci were performed under the demographic model for European populations with a fixed sex ratio and a random mating scheme to assess the probability of detecting significant allele frequency differences. We do not detect any genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10(-8)) common SNP differences between men and women in this well-powered meta-analysis. The simulated data provided results entirely consistent with these findings. This large-scale investigation across ~115 000 individuals shows no detectable contribution from common genetic variants to the observed skew in the sex ratio. The absence of sex-specific differences is useful in guiding genetic association study design, for example when using mixed controls for sex-biased traits.

Hybridization and speciation.

Hybridization has many and varied impacts on the process of speciation. Hybridization may slow or reverse differentiation by allowing gene flow and recombination. It may accelerate speciation via adaptive introgression or cause near-instantaneous speciation by allopolyploidization. It may have multiple effects at different stages and in different spatial contexts within a single speciation event. We offer a perspective on the context and evolutionary significance of hybridization during speciation, highlighting issues of current interest and debate. In secondary contact zones, it is uncertain if barriers to gene flow will be strengthened or broken down due to recombination and gene flow. Theory and empirical evidence suggest the latter is more likely, except within and around strongly selected genomic regions. Hybridization may contribute to speciation through the formation of new hybrid taxa, whereas introgression of a few loci may promote adaptive divergence and so facilitate speciation. Gene regulatory networks, epigenetic effects and the evolution of selfish genetic material in the genome suggest that the Dobzhansky-Muller model of hybrid incompatibilities requires a broader interpretation. Finally, although the incidence of reinforcement remains uncertain, this and other interactions in areas of sympatry may have knock-on effects on speciation both within and outside regions of hybridization.

A genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex and heritable eating disorder characterized by dangerously low body weight. Neither candidate gene studies nor an initial genome-wide association study (GWAS) have yielded significant and replicated results. We performed a GWAS in 2907 cases with AN from 14 countries (15 sites) and 14 860 ancestrally matched controls as part of the Genetic Consortium for AN (GCAN) and the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 3 (WTCCC3). Individual association analyses were conducted in each stratum and meta-analyzed across all 15 discovery data sets. Seventy-six (72 independent) single nucleotide polymorphisms were taken forward for in silico (two data sets) or de novo (13 data sets) replication genotyping in 2677 independent AN cases and 8629 European ancestry controls along with 458 AN cases and 421 controls from Japan. The final global meta-analysis across discovery and replication data sets comprised 5551 AN cases and 21 080 controls. AN subtype analyses (1606 AN restricting; 1445 AN binge-purge) were performed. No findings reached genome-wide significance. Two intronic variants were suggestively associated: rs9839776 (P=3.01 × 10(-7)) in SOX2OT and rs17030795 (P=5.84 × 10(-6)) in PPP3CA. Two additional signals were specific to Europeans: rs1523921 (P=5.76 × 10(-)(6)) between CUL3 and FAM124B and rs1886797 (P=8.05 × 10(-)(6)) near SPATA13. Comparing discovery with replication results, 76% of the effects were in the same direction, an observation highly unlikely to be due to chance (P=4 × 10(-6)), strongly suggesting that true findings exist but our sample, the largest yet reported, was underpowered for their detection. The accrual of large genotyped AN case-control samples should be an immediate priority for the field.

Prévalence du désir de mort et facteurs associé : une revue de la littérature

Contexte: Le désir de hâter la survenue de leur mort (DM)¦exprimé par certains patients est souvent vécu difficilement¦par les soignants. Le débat actuel sur le¦suicide assisté et l'euthanasie met en lumière cette¦problématique encore peu explorée. Le but de cette¦revue est d'identifier la prévalence du DM et les¦facteurs associés à ce désir.¦Méthode: Une revue de littérature a été conduite jusqu'en¦septembre 2010 en utilisant les termes : « Wish to¦die/to hasten death - Desire to hasten death/for¦death/for early death - Request for assistance in¦dying - Assisted suicide - Euthanasia » et « Advanced/¦terminal illness - Chronic illness/disease ». Seules les¦études cliniques menées auprès de patients ont été¦sélectionnées.¦Résultats: 55 études ont été identifiées, dont 13 de type qualitatif¦: 63% d'entre elles portaient sur des patients¦atteints de cancer, 22% de maladies de diverses origines,¦9% d'VIH et 6% de sclérose latérale amyotrophique.¦Seulement 9% portaient spécifiquement sur¦des patients gériatriques. La définition du DM était¦très variable d'une étude à l'autre, allant du désir de¦mourir à un souhait de hâter la survenue de la mort,¦voire à une demande explicite d'assistance au suicide¦ou d'euthanasie. La prévalence du DM variait¦de 2 à 22% selon la définition utilisée et la population¦étudiée. Les facteurs les plus fréquemment associés¦au DM étaient la dépression, le désespoir, la perte¦de sens, de dignité et le sentiment d'être une charge.¦Les symptômes physiques et les autres dimensions¦psychosociales ne paraissaient jouer qu'un rôle indirect.¦Une instabilité temporelle du DM était rapportée¦par neuf travaux, notamment lors de dépression.¦Discussion: L'hétérogénéité de ces études ne permet pas de¦conclure sur la prévalence des différentes expressions¦du DM. Par ailleurs, même si certains facteurs¦semblent associés au DM, de nouvelles études sont¦nécessaires pour mieux comprendre la chronologie¦de son développement.¦Perspectives: Des études prospectives, utilisant notamment une¦approche mixte, qualitative et quantitative, sont nécessaires. Elles devraient explorer non seulement les facteurs de risque mais également les facteurs « protecteurs » du DM. Sur cette base, un modèle conceptuel pourrait être défini et utilisé ensuite pour développer des interventions spécifiques dans l'objectif d'améliorer la prise en charge des patients exprimant un tel désir.¦Références: 1. Hudson PL, Kristjanson LJ, Ashby M, et al. Desire for hastened death in patients with advanced disease and the evidence base of clinical¦guidelines : a systematic review. Palliat Med 2006;20:693-701.¦2. Schroepfer TA. Mind frames towards dying and factors motivating their adoption by terminally ill elders. J Gerontol 2006;61:S129-S139.¦3. Rodin G, Lo C, Mikulincer M, Donner A, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C.¦Pathways to distress : the multiple determinants of depression, hopelessness, and the desire for hastened death in metastatic cancer¦patients. Soc Sci Med 2009;68:562-9.

Use of the Flixene vascular access graft as an early cannulation solution.

OBJECTIVE: The primary end points of this study were safety and efficacy of early cannulation of the Flixene graft (Maquet-Atrium Medical, Hudson, NH). Secondary end points were complications and patency. METHODS: This is a prospective single-center nonrandomized study. Study data included patient characteristics; history of vascular access; operative technique; interval between implantation and initial cannulation; complications; and patency at 1 month, 3 months, and every 6 months. Patency rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and September 2013, a total of 46 Flixene grafts were implanted in 44 patients (27 men) with a mean age of 63 years. The implantation site was the upper arm in 67% of cases, the forearm in 11%, and the thigh in 22%. Seven grafts were never cannulated during the study period. Of the remaining 39 grafts, 32 (82%) were successfully cannulated within the first week after implantation, including 16 (41%) on the first day. The median interval from implantation to initial cannulation was 2 days (interquartile range, 1-3 days). The median follow-up was 223.5 days (interquartile range, 97-600 days). Five hematomas occurred, but only one required surgical revision. Primary assisted and secondary patency rates were 65% and 86%, respectively, at 6 months and 56% and 86%, respectively, at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that cannulation of the Flixene graft within 1 week after implantation is safe and effective. Early cannulation avoids or shortens the need for a temporary catheter. One-year patency rates appeared to be comparable to those achieved with conventional grafts, but long-term follow-up and randomized controlled studies will be needed to confirm this finding.