Sensitive headspace gas chromatography analysis of free and conjugated 1-methoxy-2-propanol in urine

Glycol ethers still continue to be a workplace hazard due to their important use on an industrial scale. Currently, chronic occupational exposures to low levels of xenobiotics become increasingly relevant. Thus, sensitive analytical methods for detecting biomarkers of exposure are of interest in the field of occupational exposure assessment. 1-Methoxy-2-propanol (1M2P) is one of the dominant glycol ethers and the unmetabolized urinary fraction has been identified to be a good biological indicator of exposure. An existing analytical method including a solid-phase extraction and derivatization before GC/FID analysis is available but presents some disadvantages. We present here an alternative method for the determination of urinary 1M2P based on the headspace gas chromatography technique. We determined the 1M2P values by the direct headspace method for 47 samples that had previously been assayed by the solid-phase extraction and derivatization gas chromatography procedure. An inter-method comparison based on a Bland-Altman analysis showed that both techniques can be used interchangeably. The alternative method showed a tenfold lower limit of detection (0.1 mg/L) as well as good accuracy and precision which were determined by several urinary 1M2P analyses carried out on a series of urine samples obtained from a human volunteer study. The within- and between-run precisions were generally about 10%, which corresponds to the usual injection variability. We observed that the differences between the results obtained with both methods are not clinically relevant in comparison to the current biological exposure index of urinary 1M2P. Accordingly, the headspace gas chromatography technique turned out to be a more sensitive, accurate, and simple method for the determination of urinary 1M2P.[Authors]

Effect of age on toxicokinetics among human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME)

Aging adults represent the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Physiological and metabolic changes in the aging process may alter how aging adults biologically respond to pollutants. In a controlled human toxicokinetic study (exposure chamber; 12 m³), aging volunteers (n=10; >58 years) were exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME, CAS no. 107-98-2) at 50 ppm for 6 h. The dose-dependent renal excretion of oxidative metabolites, conjugated and free PGME could potentially be altered by age. AIMS: (1) Compare PGME toxicokinetic profiles between aging and young volunteers (20-25 years) and gender; (2) test the predictive power of a compartmental toxicokinetic (TK) model developed for aging persons against urinary PGME concentrations found in this study. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before, during, and after the exposure. Urinary PGME was quantified by capillary GC/FID. RESULTS: Differences in urinary PGME profiles were not noted between genders but between age groups. Metabolic parameters had to be changed to fit the age adjusted TK model to the experimental results, implying a slower enzymatic pathway in the aging volunteers. For an appropriate exposure assessment, urinary total PGME should be quantified. CONCLUSION: Age is a factor that should be considered when biological limit values are developed.

Study of common database feeding with results coming from different analytical methods in the framework of illicit drugs chemical profiling

Analytical results harmonisation is investigated in this study to provide an alternative to the restrictive approach of analytical methods harmonisation which is recommended nowadays for making possible the exchange of information and then for supporting the fight against illicit drugs trafficking. Indeed, the main goal of this study is to demonstrate that a common database can be fed by a range of different analytical methods, whatever the differences in levels of analytical parameters between these latter ones. For this purpose, a methodology making possible the estimation and even the optimisation of results similarity coming from different analytical methods was then developed. In particular, the possibility to introduce chemical profiles obtained with Fast GC-FID in a GC-MS database is studied in this paper. By the use of the methodology, the similarity of results coming from different analytical methods can be objectively assessed and the utility in practice of database sharing by these methods can be evaluated, depending on profiling purposes (evidential vs. operational perspective tool). This methodology can be regarded as a relevant approach for database feeding by different analytical methods and puts in doubt the necessity to analyse all illicit drugs seizures in one single laboratory or to implement analytical methods harmonisation in each participating laboratory.

Tandem use of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment.

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) in tandem with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for the determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in several aquatic samples using gas chromatography-flame ionization (GC-FID) detection system. In the hyphenated SPE-DLLME, initially MNTs were extracted from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) into a 500-mg octadecyl silane (C(18) ) sorbent. After the elution of analytes from the sorbent with acetonitrile, the obtained solution was put under the DLLME procedure, so that the extra preconcentration factors could be achieved. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as breakthrough volume, type and volume of the elution solvent (disperser solvent) and extracting solvent, as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-500 μg/L and the limit of detection for all analytes was found to be 0.2 μg/L. The relative standard deviations (for 0.75 μg/L of MNTs) without internal standard varied from 2.0 to 6.4% (n=5). The relative recoveries of the well, river and sea water samples, spiked at the concentration level of 0.75 μg/L of the analytes, were in the range of 85-118%.

Effect of age toxicokinetics among human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)

Rationale: Aging adults represent the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Physiological and metabolic changes in the aging process may alter how aging adults respond to exposures compared to younger workers. Current preventive workplace exposure measures may therefore not be sufficiently protective for the aging workforce. In a controlled human toxicokinetic study (exposure chamber; 12m3), the volunteers (n=11) were men and women over the age of 58 years and exposed to a commonly used, low neurotoxic glycol ether; PGME (CAS no. 107-98- 2) (50 ppm, 6 hours). Oxidative metabolism (Michaelis-Menten) is the major pathway and conjugation the minor in humans. Metabolites, conjugated and free PGME are eliminated through the kidneys, and the elimination kinetics is dose-dependent (0 order). Scope: (1) compare the toxicokinetic profile of PGME obtained in the aging volunteers (58- 62 years) to young volunteers (20-25 years) from a previous study; (2) Test the predictive power of an existing PGME toxicokinetic compartment model for aging persons against urinary PGME concentrations found in volunteers from our experimental study. Experimental procedure: Urine samples were collected before, every 2-hour during exposures for six hours, and ad-lib for additional 20 hours. Urinary analysis of free and total PGME was performed using capillary GC/FID. The toxicokinetic model (Berkley Madonna software) was ageadjusted. Results. Urinary free and total PGME concentration rose rapidly, and did not reach an apparent plateau level during exposure. Less conjugation was observed in the older group. The predictive model developed for the young group predicted well total PGME in the aging group but not free PGME. The age adjusted toxicokinetic model's Vmax1 had to be changed for the aging group, implying slower enzymatic pathway. Conclusion: The toxicokinetic model did not predict well if only the physiological parameters were adjusted for aging adults (existing model); a substance specific metabolic rate parameter was also needed.

Profilage de la cocaïne : approche inter laboratoires

Introduction Actuellement, les projets européens concernant l'harmonisation des méthodes de profilage se concentrent principalement sur les drogues de type synthétique telles que les ecstasy et les dérivés de la phényléthylamine [Aalberg L. et al. 2005, Aalberg L. et al. 2005, SMT Project 2001, CHAMP Project 2003]. Néanmoins, d'après le rapport annuel 2005 de l'Agence Européenne des Drogues (EMCDDA), la cocaïne est devenue un élément majeur du paysage européen des stupéfiants. De même, les dernières statistiques de l'Office Fédéral de la Police Suisse montrent que les saisies de cocaïne ont quasiment doublé entre 2003 et 2004 pour atteindre des quantités jamais vues auparavant. Le 7ème programme cadre européen, pour la recherche et le développement technologique, propose d'ailleurs un sujet concernant «la détermination et le pistage des composés utilisés lors de la production de certaines substances ». La cocaïne est donc devenue un thème prioritaire en Europe et l'utilisation des méthodes de profilage est un moyen puissant pour établir des liens entre des saisies. Les méthodes de profilage de la cocaïne sont utilisées par quelques laboratoires mais il y a peu ou quasiment pas d'échange d'informations aussi bien concernant les données obtenues que les méthodes utilisées afin d'améliorer la lutte contre le trafic de stupéfiants. Aucune recherche relative à l'harmonisation des méthodes entre deux laboratoires n'a été réalisée à ce jour. Le projet Interreg IIIA avait pour objectif de fournir du renseignement forensique en matière de stupéfiants, plus précisément dans ce cas à la frontière franco-suisse. Le processus de profilage repose sur deux phases interconnectées. La première est consacrée au développement de la méthode analytique permettant l'extraction d'une signature chimique (alcaloïdes et autres composés d'origine, solvants, produits de coupage) ou physique (conditionnement) du produit illicite. La seconde se focalise sur l'intégration des résultats dans un but d'utilisation par les forces de police. Cette recherche s'est tout d'abord focalisée sur le profilage des alcaloïdes en optimisant et en validant la méthode analytique élaborée à l'IPS sur un même GC-FID [Guéniat O. 2004 et Esseiva P. 2004]. Ensuite, la méthode a été étendue à une comparaison de spécimens analysés sur deux appareils différents. Finalement, afin de tester les résultats obtenus par l'analyse des alcaloïdes, une méthode indépendante, la Statique Headspace couplée à un GC-FID, a été, utilisée pour le profilage des solvants. En effet, de nombreux solvants sont utilisés lors de la production de la cocaïne et il doit donc aussi, a priori, être possible d'établir des liens sur la base de cette analyse. Les informations fournies par ces deux méthodes ainsi que leur complémentarité ont été investiguées.

Sapere che sa di fede. Lo spazio della teologia all'interno del sapere

C'è ancora spazio per la teologia all'interno del sapere? E che genere di sapere è quello proprio della teologia? È un sapere che conosce ma che, a un tempo, ha anche il sapore della fede: è un "sapere che sa di fede". In queste pagine teologi e studiosi di varie discipline (dalla filosofia all'economia, dal diritto alla pedagogia) si interrogano sul moderno assetto del sapere in rapporto alla teologia.