Da Bisanzio alla Santa Russia : Nikodim Kondakov (1844-1925) e la nascita della storia dell'arte in Russia : con la traduzione del primo volume dell' "Ikonografija Bogomateri"

Da Bisanzio alla Santa Russia Résumé Ivan Foletti Le texte du premier volume de YIkonografija Bogomatri (Iconographie de la mère de Dieu), publié en 1914 à Saint Pétersbourg par Nikodim Kondakov et traduit dans le cadre de ce travail, soulève chez le lecteur contemporain de nombreuses questions quant au développement des études byzantines, entre la fin du XIXe et le début du XXe siècle. Il s'agit, avant tout, de comprendre les enjeux fondamentaux de la naissance de cette discipline, dans le cadre de l'Europe romantique et plus particulièrement de son acculturation à la réalité russe. En se concentrant sur le personnage de Nikodim Kondakov, considéré par ses contemporains comme le patriarche des études byzantines, ce travail propose d'articuler la réflexion autour de deux axes principaux. Il s'agit d'une part de la relation entre histoire de l'art et société : dans le contexte russe et plus largement dans celui de l'Europe, la recherche semble se développer en étroite relation avec les tendances politiques et sociales de ces années. C'est probablement la raison du choix pour Nikodim Kondakov de se dédier aux études de Byzance, dans les années où la Russie prépare sa guerre contre la Turquie (1877-1878), tandis que l'opinion publique est martelée avec un revival de l'ancienne idéologie de Moscou comme « troisième Rome » et héritière de Byzance. Un autre aspect significatif est la décision de ce même chercheur d'étudier les antiquités russes sous le règne de Alexandre III, le tzar « contre-réformateur », quand la Russie se replie sur elle même autour de trois mots d'ordre: Orthodoxie, autocratie, et nationalité. D'autre part, la réception de Kondakov en Occident, semble aussi dépendre de questions politiques. Son accueil très favorable en France et en Angleterre contraste avec une perception bien plus négative en Autriche et en Allemagne ; il s'agit là d'une position en étonnante harmonie avec les traités politiques - l'alliance franco-russe de 1891 et la triple entente de 1911 qui opposent les pays membres aux empires centraux. Le deuxième axe considéré est celui d'une analyse systématique de la naissance des études sur les images cultuelles russes, les icônes. Les pages dédiées à ce phénomène dans Γ Ikonograflja Bogomatri, mais également dans les autres ouvrages de Kondakov, posent clairement la question des raisons nationalistes et populistes de la redécouverte, autour de 1900, en Russie et en Europe de cette expression visuelle. Conclusion logique de la tradition historiographique du XIXe siècle - qui s'est préoccupé des icônes perçues comme documents historiques - cette nouvelle vague d'intérêt pose la question de l'icône commé"oeuvre d'art. C'est autour de ce débat, alimenté également par l'apparition des avant-gardes, que se situent les plus importants savants russes de ces années en opposant deux manières radicalement différentes de percevoir l'art : à l'approche positiviste s'oppose celle d'un renouveau d'Hegel. Ce débat sera brusquement interrompu par la révolution, suivie par les années staliniennes qui vont définitivement « discerner » laquelle des deux méthodes et approches est la « juste », en congelant de fait, pour des décennies, toute possibilité de discussion. Cette thèse souhaiterait donc ouvrir en Occident un débat pour l'instant marginal dans les études : celui de la naissance d'une histoire de l'art moderne en Russie, mais également de l'émergence d'une nouvelle Europe savante autour de 1900 où l'histoire de l'art byzantin s'affirme comme un domaine émergent.

Analysis of past and future dam formation and failure in the Santa Cruz River (San Juan province, Argentina)

Around 11.5 * 106 m3 of rock detached from the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz valley (San Juan province, Argentina) in the first fortnight of January 2005. The rockslide?debris avalanche blocked the course, resulting in the development of a lake with maximum length of around 3.5 km. The increase in the inflow rate from 47,000?74,000 m3/d between April and October to 304,000 m3/d between late October and the first fortnight of November, accelerated the growing rate of the lake. On 12 November 2005 the dam failed, releasing 24.6 * 106 m3 of water. The resulting outburst flood caused damages mainly on infrastructure, and affected the facilities of a hydropower dam which was under construction 250 km downstream from the source area. In this work we describe causes and consequences of the natural dam formation and failure, and we dynamically model the 2005 rockslide?debris avalanche with DAN3D. Additionally, as a volume ~ 24 * 106 m3of rocks still remain unstable in the slope, we use the results of the back analysis to forecast the formation of a future natural dam. We analyzed two potential scenarios: a partial slope failure of 6.5 * 106 m3 and a worst case where all the unstable volume remaining in the slope fails. The spreading of those potential events shows that a new blockage of the Santa Cruz River is likely to occur. According to their modeled morphometry and the contributing watershed upstream the blockage area, as the one of 2005, the dams would also be unstable. This study shows the importance of back and forward analysis that can be carried out to obtain critical information for land use planning, hazards mitigation, and emergency management.

Evidence for middle Cretaceous accretion at Santa Elena Peninsula (Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex), Costa Rica

An oceanic assemblage of alkaline basalts, radiolarites and polymictic breccias forms the tectonic substratum of the Santa Elena Nappe, which is constituted by extensive outcrops of ultramafic and mafic rocks of the Santa Elena Peninsula (NW Costa Rica). The undulating basal contact of this nappe defines several half-windows along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula. Lithologically it is constituted by vesicular pillowed and massive alkaline basaltic flows, alkaline sills, ribbon-bedded and knobby radiolarites, muddy tuffaceous and detrital turbidites, debris flows and polymictic breccias and megabreccias. Sediments and basalt flows show predominant subvertical dips and occur in packages separated by roughly bed-parallel thrust planes. Individual packages reveal a coherent internal stratigraphy that records younging to the east in all packages and shows rapid coarsening upwards of the detrital facies. Alkaline basalt flows, pillow breccias and sills within radiolarite successions are genetically related to a mid-Cretaceous submarine seamount. Detrital sedimentary facies range form distal turbidites to proximal debris flows and culminate in megabreccias related to collapse and mass wasting in an accretionary prism. According to radiolarian dating, bedded radiolarites and soft-sediment- deformed clasts in the megabreccias formed in a short, late Aptian to Cenomanian time interval. Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous radiolarian ages are found in clasts and blocks reworked from an older oceanic basement. We conclude that the oceanic assemblage beneath the Santa Elena Nappe does not represent a continuous stratigraphic succession. It is a pile of individual thrust sheets constituting an accretionary sequence, where intrusion and extrusion of alkaline basalts, sedimentation of radiolarites, turbidites and trench fill chaotic sediments occurred during the Aptian-Cenomanian. These thrust sheets formed shortly before the off-scraping and accretion of the complex. Here we define the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex and propose a new hypothesis not considered in former interpretations. This hypothesis would be the basis for further research.

Early Jurassic to Early late Cretaceous radiolarians from the Santa Rosa accretionary complex (Northwestern Costa Rica)

In the circum-Pacific ophiolitic belts, when no other biogenic constituents are found, radiolarians have the potential to provide significant biostratigraph- ic information. The Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex, which crops out in several half-windows (Carrizal, Sitio Santa Rosa, Bahia Nancite, Playa Naranjo) along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula in northwestern Costa Rica, is one of these little-known ophiolitic mélanges. It contains various oceanic assemblages of alkaline basalt, radiolarite and polymictic breccias. The radiolarian biochronology presented in this work is mainly based by correlation on the biozonations of Carter et al. (2010), Baumgartner et al. (1995b), and O'Dogherty (1994) and indicate an Early Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous (early Pliensbachian to earliest Turonian) age for the sediments associated with oceanic basalts or recovered from blocks in breccias or megabreccias. The 19 illus- trated assemblages from the Carrizal tectonic window and Sitio Santa Rosa contain in total 162 species belonging to 65 genera. The nomenclature of tecton- ic units is the one presented by (Baumgartner and Denyer, 2006). This study brings to light the Early Jurassic age of a succession of radiolarite, which was previously thought to be of Cretaceous age, intruded by alkaline basalts sills (Unit 3). The presence of Early Jurassic large reworked blocks in a polymictic megabreccia, firstly reported by De Wever et al. (1985) is confirmed (Unit 4). Therefore, the alkaline basalt associated with the radiolarites of these two units (and maybe also Units 5 and 8) could be of Jurassic age. In the Carrizal tectonic window, Middle to early Late Jurassic radiolarian chert blocks associ- ated with massive tholeitic basalts and Early Cretaceous brick-red ribbon cherts overlying pillow basalts are interpreted as fragments of a Middle Jurassic oceanic basement accreted to an Early Cretaceous oceanic Plate, in an intra-oceanic subduction context. Whereas, the knobby radiolarites and black shales of Playa Carrizal are indicative of a shallower middle Cretaceous paleoenvironment. Other remnants of this oceanic basin are found in Units 2, 6, and 7, which documented the rapid approach of the depocentre to a subduction trench during the late Early Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian), to possibly early Late Cretaceous (Turonian).

Update on osteoporosis from the 2014 Santa Fe Bone symposium.

The 2014 Santa Fe Bone Symposium provided a setting for the presentation and discussion of the clinical relevance of recent advances in the fields of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease. The format included oral presentations of abstracts by endocrinology fellows, plenary lectures, panel discussions and breakout sessions, with ample opportunities for informal discussions before and after scheduled events. Topics addressed in these proceedings included a review of the important scientific publications in the past year, fracture prevention in patients with dysmobility and immobility, fracture liaison services for secondary fracture prevention, management of pre-menopausal osteoporosis, the role of bone microarchitecture in determining bone strength, measurement of microarchitecture in clinical practice and methods to improve the quality of bone density testing. This is a report of the proceedings of the 2014 Santa Fe Bone Symposium.

The conditions for the reproduction of the SAGUAPAC water cooperative in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia : discourse analysis

The SAGUAPAC cooperative in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Eastern Bolivia) is regularly presented as an example of cooperative successes regarding water supply and sanitation. Its efficiency, both economic and technical, is widely considered as the main reason for its attractiveness. However, without denying its importance, we show, through a discourse analysis from and about SAGUAPAC in local media, that moral and non-instrumental factors are crucial in the reproduction of the cooperative. These factors create attachment and affection toward the cooperative, through a storytelling using a four-dimensional rhetoric (mythification, identification, emotionalisation and personification). This storytelling technique, internalized in the local media discourse and materializing the so-called new spirit of capitalism, exploits the affects and instrumentalisation of local myths and legends, as well as the 'camba' ethnic identity. In that, it tends to retain SAGUAPAC members and to canvass new ones, by providing them with recognition in their quality of local community members. However, the mobilisation of social norms and power hierarchies might end up reinforcing the social exclusion of Andean non-camba immigrants, inspite of an a priori inclusive and democratic organisation.