62 resultados para Distributed leadership

em Université de Lausanne, Switzerland


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In this article, we analyze a multilingual interaction in a students' working group and hypothesize a correlation between management of languages in interaction and leadership. We consider Codeswitching as one of the most relevant observables in multilingual interaction and attempt to analyze how it is used by speakers. After a brief presentation of three theoretical and analytical conceptions of Code-switching in interaction (Auer, Mondada & Myers Scotton), we define Code-switching as an interactional, strategical, multilingual resource exploited by speakers to achieve various interactionaland non interactional goals. We then show in two CA-like analysis how multilingual strategical resources occur in the interactional practices of the analyzed working group, and how they are exploited by speakers in order to organize interaction, work, tasks, and to construct one's leadership.We also consider the metadiscourses of the students about their own practices and multilingualism in general, in order to confront them to their actual multilingual practices. We draw the hypothesis that discrepancies observed between metadiscourses and practices can be explained through the development of (meta)discourses showing a unilingual conception in describing multilingual practices.

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ABSTRACT Samuel Bendahan, John Antonakis, Christian Zehnder, and François Pralong The relationship between power and immoral decisions has been discussed extensively by scientists and philosophers alike. Although the exercise of power is ubiquitous in social hierarchies, direct evidence on the impact of power on decision making is scarce. We use laboratory experiments to study whether more power leads to corruption. We manipulate power in the context of leader decision-making authority involving monetary stakes. Prior to the experiment, we also gathered extensive data on psychological and endocrinological individual differences. We find that an increase of power caused leaders to be more likely to engage in destructive, selfish behaviour, although the same subjects did not behave in this manner before their level of power was increased. We also show how individual differences affect the initial level of destructive behaviour and the corruption process. WHAT'S RIGHT FOR THE LEFT MAY NOT BE RIGHT FOR THE RIGHT: VALUE CONGRUENCE AND CHARISMA IN POLITICAL LEADERSHIP Samuel Bendahan ABSTRACT Value congruence between leaders and followers is important not only for follower commitment but also as part of the attributions followers make of leaders. I theorized that transformational leadership, which often is referred to as being value driven and having strong moral foundations, has differential effects depending on the values of the follower and whether these values are congruent with what the leader espouses. I designed an experiment to analyze how the political values of followers and leaders can influence followers' attributions regarding leaders. Within the context of political leadership, I found that transformational leaders were seen as more prototypical. Value congruence predicted prototypicality, which was strongly related to follower intentions to vote for the leader. Furthermore, followers with left-wing political values were more influenced by prototypical leaders than were followers with right-wing political values, presumably because of moral overtones of both left-wing ideology and transformational leadership. JUDGING LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL IN AN INTERVIEW: MODERATING EFFECT OF INTERVIEWER INTELLIGENCE ON INTERVIEWER COGNITIVE BUSYNESS, CANDIDATE PERFORMANCE-CUES EFFECTS, AND CANDIDATE ETHNICITY Samuel Bendahan, Philippe Jacquart, and John Antonakis ABSTRACT A large body of literature suggests that interviewers do not accurately rate candidates when using unstructured interviews and evaluation procedures that affect pre-interview expectations; however, the process by which these biases are produced is not well understood. We theorized several reasons for the sub-par performance of the unstructured interview. These factors, which we manipulated in the context of a videotaped interview of a candidate applying for a leadership position, include evaluator cognitive load, pre-interview performance cues regarding the candidate, and the ethnicity of the candidate. We also controlled for the intelligence of the evaluator. We found a significant four-way interaction between the manipulated factors and evaluators' cognitive abilities. The effects of the manipulated factors were all significantly less for evaluators who were high on general intelligence.

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In this article, we analyze a multilingual interaction in a students' working group and hypothesize a correlation between management of languages in interaction and leadership. We consider Codeswitching as one of the most relevant observables in multilingual interaction and attempt to analyze how it is used by speakers. After a brief presentation of three theoretical and analytical conceptions of Code-switching in interaction (Auer, Mondada & Myers Scotton), we define Code-switching as an interactional, strategical, multilingual resource exploited by speakers to achieve various interactional and non interactional goals. We then show in two CA-like analysis how multilingual strategical resources occur in the interactional practices of the analyzed working group, and how they are exploited by speakers in order to organize interaction, work, tasks, and to construct one's leadership. We also consider the metadiscourses of the students about their own practices and multilingualism in general, in order to confront them to their actual multilingual practices. We draw the hypothesis that discrepancies observed between metadiscourses and practices can be explained through the development of (meta)discourses showing a unilingual conception in describing multilingual practices.

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Vitamin A signaling occurs through nuclear receptors recognizing diverse forms of retinoic acid (RA). The retinoic acid receptors (RARs) bind all-trans RA and its 9-cis isomer (9-cis RA). They convey most of the activity of RA, particularly during embryogenesis. The second subset of receptors, the rexinoid receptors (RXRs), binds 9-cis RA only. However, RXRs are obligatory DNA-binding partners for a number of nuclear receptors, broadening the spectrum of their biological activity to the corresponding nuclear receptor-signaling pathways. The present chapter more particularly focuses on RXR-containing transcriptional complexes for which RXR is not only a structural component necessary for DNA binding but also acts as a ligand-activated partner. After positioning RXR among the nuclear receptor superfamily in the first part, we will give an overview of three major signaling pathways involved in metabolism, which are sensitive to RXR activation: LXR:RXR, FXR:RXR, and PPAR:RXR. The third and last part is focused on RXR signaling and its potential role in metabolic regulation. Indeed, while the nature of the endogenous ligand for RXR is still in question, as we will discuss herein, a better understanding of RXR activities is necessary to envisage the potential therapeutic applications of synthetic RXR ligands.

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With contributions from leading authors in the most important areas of current research, this book provides insight into the streams that are driving leadership theory and practice today. The Nature of Leadership, Second Edition provides students with an updated and complete yet concise handbook that solidifies and integrates the vast and disparate leadership literature.Key Features of the Second Edition· Provides contributions from twenty-three subject-matter experts-ranging from the eminent to the up-and-coming-giving students an unsurpassed breadth of knowledge and perspective· Organizes the material into the three key thematic areas of Leadership-Science, Nature, and Nurture; the Major Schools of Leadership; and Leadership and Special Domains· Includes nine brand new chapters that provide students with the state-of-the-art of leadership theory and practice such as evolutionary and biological perspectives, individual differences, and shared leadership· Updates the content of seven retained chapters, with reference to recent research and developments in the field· Adds pedagogical features, including discussion questions, a list of practice-focused supplemental readings, and references to case studies

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Leaders must scan the internal and external environment, chart strategic and task objectives, and provide performance feedback. These instrumental leadership (IL) functions go beyond the motivational and quid-pro quo leader behaviors that comprise the full-range-transformational, transactional, and laissez faire-leadership model. In four studies we examined the construct validity of IL. We found evidence for a four-factor IL model that was highly prototypical of good leadership. IL predicted top-level leader emergence controlling for the full-range factors, initiating structure, and consideration. It also explained unique variance in outcomes beyond the full-range factors; the effects of transformational leadership were vastly overstated when IL was omitted from the model. We discuss the importance of a "fuller full-range" leadership theory for theory and practice. We also showcase our methodological contributions regarding corrections for common method variance (i.e., endogeneity) bias using two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression and Monte Carlo split-sample designs.

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Résumé Introduction : La chirurgie de la maladie de Hirschsprung est fréquemment compliquée d'une atteinte post-opératoire de la motilité intestinale. Des anomalies du système nerveux entérique (SNE) telles que la dysplasie neuronale intestinale de type B, l'hypoganglionose ou l'aganglionose, présents dans le segment abaissé, peuvent être la cause de certaines de ces complications mais aucune information n'est disponible quant au rôle des cellules interstitielles de Cajal (CIC) sur la motilité intestinale dans la phase post-opératoire. Ces cellules sont considérées avoir un rôle de pacemaker dans le tractus gastro-intestinal. L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire la distribution des CIC dans le segment proximal du côlon réséqué lors de cures chirurgicales de maladie de Hirschsprung et de confronter ces observations à l'évolution clinique post-opératoire. Matériel et Méthodes : L'incidence des complications post-opératoires a été déterminée par une revue rétrospective des dossiers de 48 patients opérés pour maladie de Hirschspung entre 1977 et 1999 et par l'étude histologique et immuno-histochimique des pièces réséquées chez ces patients. Nous avons comparé la distribution des CIC dans le segment proximal du côlon avec celle du côlon sain de 16 enfants contrôles par microscopie optique. L'immunohistochimie au c-Kit a été utilisée pour marquer spécifiquement les CIC sur échantillons paraffinés. Ces résultats ont ensuite été corrélés avec l'étude du SNE de ces mêmes segments, déterminée par immunohistochimie au CD56 et au protein gene product 9.5. Résultats Les complications post-opératoires suivantes furent identifiées : constipation 46%, constipation avec incontinence 15%, entérocolite 8%, décès 4% (probablement sur entérocolite). La distribution des CIC dans les segments proximaux réséqués chez les enfants avec maladie de Hirschsprung était identique à celle observée dans les segments de côlon sain, et ce indépendamment de la distribution normale ou anormale du SNE. Chez les enfants opérés pour maladie de Hirschsprung les segments réséqués présentaient les anomalies d'innervation suivantes : aganglionose 10.4%, hypoganglionose 12.5%, dysplasie neuronale intestinale de type B 6.3%, autres dysganglionoses 14.6%. Aucune relation entre ces anomalies d'innervation et les complications post-opératoires n'a été mise en évidence. Conclusion : La distribution des CIC est normale chez les patient opérés pour maladie de Hirschsprung, et ne contribue donc pas aux atteintes post-opératoires de la motilité intestinale. Cela signifie aussi que le réseau de CIC se développe noinialement dans le côlon humain, même en présence d'une innervation colique anormale ou absente. Abstract: Surgery for Hirschsprung's disease is often complicated by post-operative bowel motility disorders. The impact of intestinal neural histology on the surgical outcome has been previously studied, but no information is available concerning the influence of the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) on these complications. These cells are considered to be pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of ICC in the proximal segment of resected bowel in Hirschsprung's disease and confront these results with the clinical outcome. Using immunohistochemistry for light microscopy, we compared the pattern of distribution of ICC in the proximal segment of resected bowel in Hirschsprung's disease with that in normal colon. We correlated these results with the corresponding neural intestinal histology determined by CD56 and the protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry. The distribution of ICC in the proximal segment of resected bowel is identical to that of normal colon, regardless of normal or abnormal colon innervation. ICC distribution does not seem to contribute to post-operative bowel motility disorders in patients operated for Hirschsprung's disease.

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Spatial variation in the pattern of natural selection can promote local adaptation and genetic differentiation between populations. Because heritable melanin-based ornaments can signal resistance to environmentally mediated elevation in glucocorticoids, to oxidative stress and parasites, populations may vary in the mean degree of melanic coloration if selection on these phenotypic aspects varies geographically. Within a population of Swiss barn owls (Tyto alba), the size of eumelanic spots is positively associated with survival, immunity and resistance to stress, but it is yet unknown whether Tyto species that face stressful environments evolved towards a darker eumelanic plumage. Because selection regimes vary along environmental gradients, we examined whether melanin-based traits vary clinally and are expressed to a larger extent in the tropics where parasites are more abundant than in temperate zones. To this end, we considered 39 barn owl species distributed worldwide. Barn owl species living in the tropics displayed larger eumelanic spots than those found in temperate zones. This was, however, verified in the northern hemisphere only. Parasites being particularly abundant in the tropics, they may promote the evolution of darker eumelanic ornaments.

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After decades of management reforms in the public sector, questions on the impact of leader-ship behavior in public organizations have been attracting increasing attention. This paper investigates the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and organizational citizenship behavior as one major extra-role outcome of transformational leadership. Refer-ring to a growing body of research that shows the importance of public service values and employee identification in public administration research, we include public service motiva-tion and organizational goal clarification as mediating variables in our analysis. Structural equation modeling is applied as the method of analysis for a sample of 569 public managers at the local level of Switzerland. The findings of our study support the assumed indirect relation-ship between leadership and employee behavior and emphasize the relevance of public ser-vice values when analyzing leadership behavior in public sector organizations.

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Spatial variation in the pattern of natural selection can promote local adaptation and genetic differentiation between populations. Because heritable melanin-based ornaments can signal resistance to environmentally mediated elevation in glucocorticoids, to oxidative stress and parasites, populations may vary in the mean degree of melanic coloration if selection on these phenotypic aspects varies geographically. Within a population of Swiss barn owls (Tyto alba), the size of eumelanic spots is positively associated with survival, immunity and resistance to stress, but it is yet unknown whether Tyto species that face stressful environments evolved towards a darker eumelanic plumage. Because selection regimes vary along environmental gradients, we examined whether melanin-based traits vary clinally and are expressed to a larger extent in the tropics where parasites are more abundant than in temperate zones. To this end, we considered 39 barn owl species distributed worldwide. Barn owl species living in the tropics displayed larger eumelanic spots than those found in temperate zones. This was, however, verified in the northern hemisphere only. Parasites being particularly abundant in the tropics, they may promote the evolution of darker eumelanic ornaments.

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The purpose of the “Then and Now” program is to engage these people more actively in the annual meetings and provide a forum for them to engage with those who are following in their footsteps. This purpose allows the missions of the Community of Academy Senior Scholars (CASS) and the Management History (MH) Division to intersect. CASS has as one of its goals to keep these pioneers of management history engaged in their profession and their professional organization (AOM). MH has as one of its goals to accurately record the intellectual contributions of the pioneers of the management field.