Bilateral sequential nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: a comparison of visual outcomes in fellow eyes using quantitative analysis of goldmann visual fields.

OBJECTIVE To better define the concordance of visual loss in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). METHODS The medical records of 86 patients with bilateral sequential NAION were reviewed retrospectively, and visual function was assessed using visual acuity, Goldmann visual fields, color vision, and relative afferent papillary defect. A quantitative total visual field score and score per quadrant were analyzed for each eye using the numerical Goldmann visual field scoring method. RESULTS Outcome measures were visual acuity, visual field, color vision, and relative afferent papillary defect. A statistically significant correlation was found between fellow eyes for multiple parameters, including logMAR visual acuity (P = .01), global visual field (P < .001), superior visual field (P < .001), and inferior visual field (P < .001). The mean deviation of total (P < .001) and pattern (P < .001) deviation analyses was significantly less between fellow eyes than between first and second eyes of different patients. CONCLUSIONS Visual function between fellow eyes showed a fair to moderate correlation that was statistically significant. The pattern of vision loss was also more similar in fellow eyes than between eyes of different patients. These results may help allow better prediction of visual outcome for the second eye in patients with NAION.

Quantitative analysis of postnatal neurogenesis and neuron number in the macaque monkey dentate gyrus

The dentate gyrus is one of only two regions of the mammalian brain where substantial neurogenesis occurs postnatally. However, detailed quantitative information about the postnatal structural maturation of the primate dentate gyrus is meager. We performed design-based, stereological studies of neuron number and size, and volume of the dentate gyrus layers in rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of different postnatal ages. We found that about 40% of the total number of granule cells observed in mature 5-10-year-old macaque monkeys are added to the granule cell layer postnatally; 25% of these neurons are added within the first three postnatal months. Accordingly, cell proliferation and neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus peak within the first 3 months after birth and remain at an intermediate level between 3 months and at least 1 year of age. Although granule cell bodies undergo their largest increase in size during the first year of life, cell size and the volume of the three layers of the dentate gyrus (i.e. the molecular, granule cell and polymorphic layers) continue to increase beyond 1 year of age. Moreover, the different layers of the dentate gyrus exhibit distinct volumetric changes during postnatal development. Finally, we observe significant levels of cell proliferation, neurogenesis and cell death in the context of an overall stable number of granule cells in mature 5-10-year-old monkeys. These data identify an extended developmental period during which neurogenesis might be modulated to significantly impact the structure and function of the dentate gyrus in adulthood.

A quantitative analysis of antagonism and inverse agonism at wild-type and constitutively active hamster alpha1B-adrenoceptors.

In order to characterize inverse agonism at alpha1B-adrenoceptors, we have compared the concentration-response relationships of several quinazoline and non-quinazoline alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists at cloned hamster wild-type (WT) alpha1B-adrenoceptors and a constitutively active mutant (CAM) thereof upon stable expression in Rat-1 fibroblasts. Receptor activation or inhibition thereof was assessed as [3H]inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation. Quinazoline (alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin) and non-quinazoline alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists (BE 2254, SB 216,469, tamsulosin) concentration-dependently inhibited phenylephrine-stimulated IP formation at both WT and CAM with Ki values similar to those previously found in radioligand binding studies. At CAM in the absence of phenylephrine, the quinazolines produced concentration-dependent inhibition of basal IP formation; the maximum inhibition was approximately 55%, and the corresponding EC50 values were slightly smaller than the Ki values. In contrast, BE 2254 produced much less inhibition of basal IP formation, SB 216,469 was close to being a neutral antagonist, and tamsulosin even weakly stimulated IP formation. The inhibitory effects of the quinazolines and BE 2254 as well as the stimulatory effect of tamsulosin were equally blocked by SB 216,469 at CAM. At WT in the absence of phenylephrine, tamsulosin did not cause significant stimulation and none of the other compounds caused significant inhibition of basal IP formation. We conclude that alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonsits with a quinazoline structure exhibit greater efficacy as inverse agonists than those without.

Quantitative analysis of crystal/grain sizes and their distributions in 2D and 3D

We review methods to estimate the average crystal (grain) size and the crystal (grain) size distribution in solid rocks. Average grain sizes often provide the base for stress estimates or rheological calculations requiring the quantification of grain sizes in a rock's microstructure. The primary data for grain size data are either 1D (i.e. line intercept methods), 2D (area analysis) or 3D (e.g., computed tomography, serial sectioning). These data have been used for different data treatments over the years, whereas several studies assume a certain probability function (e.g., logarithm, square root) to calculate statistical parameters as the mean, median, mode or the skewness of a crystal size distribution. The finally calculated average grain sizes have to be compatible between the different grain size estimation approaches in order to be properly applied, for example, in paleo-piezometers or grain size sensitive flow laws. Such compatibility is tested for different data treatments using one- and two-dimensional measurements. We propose an empirical conversion matrix for different datasets. These conversion factors provide the option to make different datasets compatible with each other, although the primary calculations were obtained in different ways. In order to present an average grain size, we propose to use the area-weighted and volume-weighted mean in the case of unimodal grain size distributions, respectively, for 2D and 3D measurements. The shape of the crystal size distribution is important for studies of nucleation and growth of minerals. The shape of the crystal size distribution of garnet populations is compared between different 2D and 3D measurements, which are serial sectioning and computed tomography. The comparison of different direct measured 3D data; stereological data and direct presented 20 data show the problems of the quality of the smallest grain sizes and the overestimation of small grain sizes in stereological tools, depending on the type of CSD. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Bilateral Sequential NAION: A Comparison of Visual Outcomes in Fellow Eyes Using Quantitative Analysis of Goldmann Visual Fields

Purpose: Previous studies of the visual outcome in bilateral non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) have yielded conflicting results, specifically regarding congruity between fellow eyes. Prior studies have used measures of acuity and computerized perimetry but none has compared Goldmann visual field outcomes between fellow eyes. In order to better define the concordance of visual loss in this condition, we reviewed our cases of bilateral sequential NAION, including measures of visual acuity, pupillary function and both pattern and severity of visual field loss.Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 102 patients with a diagnosis of bilateral sequential NAION. Of the 102 patients, 86 were included in the study for analysis of final visual outcome between the affected eyes. Visual function was assessed using visual acuity, Goldmann visual fields, color vision and RAPD. A quantitative total visual field score and score per quadrant was analyzed for each eye using the numerical Goldmann visual field scoring method previously described by Esterman and colleagues. Based upon these scores, we calculated the total deviation and pattern deviation between fellow eyes and between eyes of different patients. Statistical significance was determined using nonparametric tests.Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between fellow eyes for multiple parameters, including logMAR visual acuity (P = 0.0101), global visual field (P = 0.0001), superior visual field (P = 0.0001), and inferior visual field (P = 0.0001). In addition, the mean deviation of both total (P = 0.0000000007) and pattern (P = 0.000000004) deviation analyses was significantly less between fellow eyes ("intra"-eyes) than between eyes of different patients ("inter"-eyes).Conclusions: Visual function between fellow eyes showed a fair to moderate correlation that was statistically significant. The pattern of vision loss was also more similar in fellow eyes than between eyes of different patients. These results may help allow better prediction of visual outcome for the second eye in patients with NAION. These findings may also be useful for evaluating efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of thalamo-cortical axons in the somatosensory cortex of normal and barrelless mice

Résumé Les rongeurs utilisent leurs moustaches (vibrisses) pour explorer le milieu environnant. Chaque moustache est mue par un système des muscles. Les récepteurs situés à sa base transmettent les informations au système nerveux central. La transmission vers l'écorce se fait via trois neurones de relais qui se trouvent au niveau du ganglion trigéminé, du tronc cérébral et du thalamus. La représentation corticale d'une vibrisse est une concentration des axones thalamo-corticaux (ATC) autour desquelles s'organisent leurs cibles, les cellules de la couche IV. La structure peut être identifiée histologiquement en coupes tangentielles et porte le nom de « barrel » (« tonneau »). Cette correspondance vibrisse - barrel fait de ce système un model idéal pour étudier l'influence de l'activité périphérique sur l'établissement et le maintien des cartes somatotopiques. Notre laboratoire dispose d'une souche de souris qui a subi une mutation spontanée pour le gène codant l'adenylyl cyclase I (ACI). Cette enzyme membranaire catalyse la formation de l'AMPc et joue un rôle important dans le guidage axonal, la libération des neurotransmetteurs et l'intégration des signaux postsynaptiques. Nous avons démontré dans un premier temps que cette souris adulte ne développe pas de barrels. Cela est dû à un manque d'organisation des ATC et aussi des cellules de la couche IV. De plus, les résultats électrophysiologiques montrent que les informations venant des vibrisses adjacentes ne sont pas intégrées d'une manière normale. Dans ce travail de thèse, j'ai analysé la morphologie des ATC révélés individuellement avec de la biocytine. L'analyse quantitative des ATC a mis en évidence les points suivants: 1. Les axones de la souris normale (NOR) quittent le thalamus, traversent la capsule interne et la substance blanche sous-corticale et pénètrent dans le cortex somato-sensoriel primaire. A l'intérieur de l'écorce ils traversent au maximum 3 colonnes corticales adjacentes dont une contient le barrel cible. En passant à travers les couches VI et V, ces axones arborisent et convergent progressivement vers le barrel dans lequel ils forment une riche arborisation. Un petit nombre des branches « errantes », pleines de boutons synaptiques, pénètrent dans les barrels voisins. Deux axones NOR provenant de corps cellulaires très proches dans le thalamus peuvent avoir un cheminement très divergent lors de la traversée de la capsule interne et de la substance blanche sous-corticale mais, à leur entrée dans le cortex, ils sont distants d'au maximum 2 colonnes corticales de la colonne qui contient le barrel cible et ils convergent progressivement vers ce barrel. 2. Les axones de la souris mutante (BRL) ont le même trajet sous-cortical que les axones NOR, mais leur entrée dans le cortex somato-sensoriel primaire est aléatoire. A l'interface entre la substance blanche sous-corticale et le cortex, l'axone principal se divise rapidement en troncs axonaux qui traversent les couches VI et V d'une manière divergente pour arriver dans la couche IV. Cela contraste beaucoup avec la trajectoire des NOR qui convergent graduellement vers leur barrel cible. Le nombre de branches radiales que les axones BRL utilisent pour entrer dans le cortex et dans la couche IV est double par rapport aux axones NOR. Parmi ces branches, seules quelques-unes donnent des arborisations, les autres ne sont pas développées et leur morphologie est semblable à celle des branches formées par les axones de la souris normale lors du développement. Deux axones BRL issus de corps cellulaires proches dans le thalamus peuvent avoir une trajectoire très divergente jusqu'à leur entrée dans la couche IV, mais à ce niveau ils sont réorientés pour se retrouver et faire un nombre maximal de branches et boutons synaptiques dans la même région corticale. Dans un cas extrême, un des axones observés est entré dans le cortex à la limite entre l'aire somatosensorielle primaire et secondaire et a parcouru une distance de 2 mm pour retrouver son partenaire thalamique et donner avec celui-ci un nombre maximal de branches dans la même région de la couche IV. 3. Les mesures quantitatives ont montré que les arborisations corticales des axones NOR ont une longueur moyenne de 18mm et sont formées par 200 segments qui portent 1200 boutons synaptiques. Par rapport à la souris NOR, les axones BRL ont en moyenne la même longueur, le même nombre de segments et boutons synaptiques, mais donnent deux fois plus de branches radiales. La surface tangentielle occupée par les arborisations BRL dans la couche IV est 2 fois plus grande que celle des NOR. Cela signifie que les 1000 boutons synaptiques qui caractérisent les arborisations NOR et BRL dans la couche IV sont disséminés sur une surface tangentielle double chez les derniers, et donc que la densité des boutons par unité de surface corticale est en moyenne plus faible. En effet, l'augmentation de la surface corticale tangentielle des BRL est due aux surfaces de faible et moyenne densité synaptique (0 - 8 boutons / 400pn2) qui augmentent 2 fois tandis que les surfaces de haute densité synaptiques (8 - 64 boutons / 4001.tm2) sont les mêmes. Nous émettons l'hypothèse selon laquelle, durant le développement, les ATC de la souris BRL divergent et forment un nombre exubérant de branches. Grâce à cette divergence et aux branches supranuméraires, ils trouvent l'endroit de l'écorce où se trouvent leurs voisins thalamiques et arborisent abondamment dans cette région. Cependant, le déficit en AGI ne leurs permet pas par la suite, sous influence de l'activité périphérique, de retirer les branches qui se trouvent dans les endroits inappropriés de l'écorce, avec de possibles conséquences sur la discrimination tactile.

Where and how family members spend time at home? A quantitative analysis of the observational tracking on the everyday lives of Italian families

This paper examines a dataset that derives from an observational tracking, in order to analyze where and how middle-class working families spend time at home. We use an ethnographic approach to study the everyday lives of Italian dual-income middle-class families, with the aim to analyze quantitatively the use of home spaces and the types of activities of family members on weekday afternoons and evenings. The different analyses (multiple correspondence analysis, agglomerative hierarchical cluster, discriminant analysis) show how particular spaces and activities in these spaces are dominated by certain family members. We suggest a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies as useful tools to explore in detail the everyday lives of families, and to understand how family members use the domestic spaces. In particular, we consider relevant the use of quantitative analyses to examine ethnographic data, especially in connection with the methodological reflexivity among researchers

Rat PPARs: quantitative analysis in adult rat tissues and regulation in fasting and refeeding.

PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and are primarily involved in lipid metabolism. The expression patterns of all 3 PPAR isotypes in 22 adult rat organs were analyzed by a quantitative ribonuclease protection assay. The data obtained allowed comparison of the expression of each isotype to the others and provided new insight into the less studied PPAR beta (NR1C2) expression and function. This isotype shows a ubiquitous expression pattern and is the most abundant of the three PPARs in all analyzed tissues except adipose tissue. Its expression is especially high in the digestive tract, in addition to kidney, heart, diaphragm, and esophagus. After an overnight fast, PPAR beta mRNA levels are dramatically down-regulated in liver and kidney by up to 80% and are rapidly restored to control levels upon refeeding. This tight nutritional regulation is independent of the circulating glucocorticoid levels and the presence of PPAR alpha, whose activity is markedly up-regulated in the liver and small intestine during fasting. Finally, PPAR gamma 2 mRNA levels are decreased by 50% during fasting in both white and brown adipose tissue. In conclusion, fasting can strongly influence PPAR expression, but in only a few selected tissues.

A quantitative analysis of L-glutamate-regulated Na+ dynamics in mouse cortical astrocytes: implications for cellular bioenergetics.

The mode of Na+ entry and the dynamics of intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]i) changes consecutive to the application of the neurotransmitter glutamate were investigated in mouse cortical astrocytes in primary culture by video fluorescence microscopy. An elevation of [Na+]i was evoked by glutamate, whose amplitude and initial rate were concentration dependent. The glutamate-evoked Na+ increase was primarily due to Na+-glutamate cotransport, as inhibition of non-NMDA ionotropic receptors by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxiline-2,3-dione (CNQX) only weakly diminished the response and D-aspartate, a substrate of the glutamate transporter, produced [Na+]i elevations similar to those evoked by glutamate. Non-NMDA receptor activation could nevertheless be demonstrated by preventing receptor desensitization using cyclothiazide. Thus, in normal conditions non-NMDA receptors do not contribute significantly to the glutamate-evoked Na+ response. The rate of Na+ influx decreased during glutamate application, with kinetics that correlate well with the increase in [Na+]i and which depend on the extracellular concentration of glutamate. A tight coupling between Na+ entry and Na+/K+ ATPase activity was revealed by the massive [Na+]i increase evoked by glutamate when pump activity was inhibited by ouabain. During prolonged glutamate application, [Na+]i remains elevated at a new steady-state where Na+ influx through the transporter matches Na+ extrusion through the Na+/K+ ATPase. A mathematical model of the dynamics of [Na+]i homeostasis is presented which precisely defines the critical role of Na+ influx kinetics in the establishment of the elevated steady state and its consequences on the cellular bioenergetics. Indeed, extracellular glutamate concentrations of 10 microM already markedly increase the energetic demands of the astrocytes.

"Soap-Bubble" visualization and quantitative analysis of 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiograms.

In order to compare coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) data obtained with different scanning methodologies, adequate visualization and presentation of the coronary MRA data need to be ensured. Furthermore, an objective quantitative comparison between images acquired with different scanning methods is desirable. To address this need, a software tool ("Soap-Bubble") that facilitates visualization and quantitative comparison of 3D volume targeted coronary MRA data was developed. In the present implementation, the user interactively specifies a curved subvolume (enclosed in the 3D coronary MRA data set) that closely encompasses the coronary arterial segments. With a 3D Delaunay triangulation and a parallel projection, this enables the simultaneous display of multiple coronary segments in one 2D representation. For objective quantitative analysis, frequently explored quantitative parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR); and vessel length, sharpness, and diameter can be assessed. The present tool supports visualization and objective, quantitative comparisons of coronary MRA data obtained with different scanning methods. The first results obtained in healthy adults and in patients with coronary artery disease are presented.

Quantitative Analysis of Myelin and Axonal Remodeling in the Uninjured Motor Network After Stroke.

Contralesional brain connectivity plasticity was previously reported after stroke. This study aims at disentangling the biological mechanisms underlying connectivity plasticity in the uninjured motor network after an ischemic lesion. In particular, we measured generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) to assess whether poststroke connectivity remodeling depends on axonal and/or myelin changes. Diffusion-spectrum imaging and magnetization transfer MRI at 3T were performed in 10 patients in acute phase, at 1 and 6 months after stroke, which was affecting motor cortical and/or subcortical areas. Ten age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were scanned 1 month apart for longitudinal comparison. Clinical assessment was also performed in patients prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the contralesional hemisphere, average measures and tract-based quantitative analysis of GFA and MTR were performed to assess axonal integrity and myelination along motor connections as well as their variations in time. Mean and tract-based measures of MTR and GFA showed significant changes in a number of contralesional motor connections, confirming both axonal and myelin plasticity in our cohort of patients. Moreover, density-derived features (peak height, standard deviation, and skewness) of GFA and MTR along the tracts showed additional correlation with clinical scores than mean values. These findings reveal the interplay between contralateral myelin and axonal remodeling after stroke.

Étude descriptive quantitative et corrélationnelle portant sur la perception de la qualité de vie des proches aidants de plus de 65 ans qui prennent soin d'un proche souffrant d'une problématique de démence

La problématique : En Suisse, même si l'on constate une longue tradition du modèle de famille pluri-générationnelle multi-locale (Tourollier, 2009), l'évolution démographique a pour effet le vieillissement des aidants (Anchisi, 2010). La société véhicule l'idée que trop de personnes en perte d'autonomie sont abandonnées par leurs familles et que celles-ci relèguent toutes leurs responsabilités à l'Etat. Selon Pitaud (2009), cette vision est erronée, car son étude démontre que les membres de la famille forment généralement le noyau de ce réseau d'aide qui permet leur maintien à domicile. Il s'agit, pour l'auteur, d'une solution à la fois humaine et économiquement acceptable. Le contexte global du vieillissement et de la possibilité de fragilisation psychique suggère qu'une meilleure prise en compte des besoins de l'entourage des personnes souffrants de problématique de démence peut améliorer leur qualité ainsi que celle des proches aidants (Thomas, 2005). But : Cette étude quantitative vise à décrire la perception qu'ont les proches aidants de leur propre qualité de vie incluant leur vulnérabilité. Méthode: Cette étude quantitative descriptive corrélationnelle a été effectuée auprès de 30 proches aidants, recrutés selon un échantillonnage non probabiliste. Pour les corrélations exploratoires, des tests de Pearson, Student, Wilcoxon ou Mann Whitney ont été effectués. Le questionnaire proposé est tiré des études Pixel et il contient des données sociodémographiques, quatre dimensions portant sur la qualité de vie perçue ainsi que deux dimensions sur la vulnérabilité. Résultats: L'âge moyen des proches aidants participant est de 77,47 ans (ÉT 4,74). Les résultats montrent que 40% d'entre eux sont impliqués dans l'aide auprès du malade depuis plus de cinq ans. La plus grande partie a un niveau de formation de type maîtrise professionnelle (70%). Le score moyen de la perception de la qualité de vie (max. 105 points) est de 63.20 (ÉT 10.25). La vulnérabilité perçue est divisée en deux dimensions (max 50 points par partie). Pour la dimension 1 ; la moyenne pour l'impact de la maladie est de 29.00 (ÉT 5.63). Pour la dimension 2 ; la moyenne de l'aggravation de la vulnérabilité, est de 34.26 (ÉT 10.25). Des corrélations exploratoires montrent que l'âge, la durée des soins, le genre sont associées avec une diminution de la qualité de vie ou l'aggravation de la vulnérabilité perçue. Conclusion : Malgré les limites de la présente étude qui sont liées à la petitesse de l'échantillon, les résultats sont conciliables avec les écrits antérieurs. Il serait judicieux de poursuivre des recherches sur ce sujet afin d'approfondir et d'affiner les représentations utiles au renforcement du rôle infirmier auprès des proches aidants d'une part et des autres professionnels du réseau de soin d'autre part, ceci dans le but de favoriser la promotion de la santé auprès des proches aidants qui sont un maillon indispensable dans la chaîne des soins.