Génétique et hypertension artérielle: qu'avons nous-appris ? [Hypertension genetics: what have we learned so far?]

Hypertension is a common, modifiable and heritable cardiovascular risk factor. Some rare monogenic forms of hypertension have been described, but the majority of patients suffer from "essential" hypertension, for whom the underlying pathophysiological mechanism is not clear. Essential hypertension is a complex trait, involving multiple genes and environmental factors. Recently, progress in the identification of common genetic variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension has been made thanks to large-scale international collaborative projects involving geneticists, epidemiologists, statisticians and clinicians. In this article, we review some basic genetic concepts and the main research methods used to study the genetics of hypertension, as well as selected recent findings in this field.

Hegel, Heidegger : pensée absolue, pensée abyssale (Heidegger lit Hegel)

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'endurant travail d'interprétation auquel Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) s'est livré à propos de la pensée de Hegel (1770-1831), l'un des représentants de ce que l'on appelle « l'idéalisme allemand ». Ce travail d'interprétation résulte et prend place dans ce que Heidegger entend par le mot allemand Aus-einander-setzung : non pas la recherche de points communs entre deux pensées, par-delà des différences particulières qu'il s'agirait dès lors dépasser, mais au contraire la mise en évidence de leurs différends au sein même d'une appartenance commune à la pensée européo-occidentale. Notre présent travail s'est donné trois tâches : reconstruire l'explication de Heidegger avec Hegel qui se déroule sur près de quarante ans et qui se trouve éparpillée dans une multitude de textes d'époques et de statuts fort divers ; réfléchir et exposer le sens et les enjeux d'une telle explication ; indiquer et mettre à l'épreuve, par une étude immanente de plusieurs textes du corpus hégélien, l'apport de la phénoménologie herméneutique heideggerienne à l'intelligibilité actuelle de la pensée hégélienne. La pensée occidentale, qui a pour nom la philosophie, s'interroge toujours d'une manière ou d'une autre à propos de l'être. Et cela, à partir de Platon, dans un mouvement métaphysique qui va de ce qui est ou de l'étant à son être, ce dernier étant lui-même compris comme le genre commun de l'étant, soit comme « étantité (ousía, Seiendheit) ». Chez Hegel, cette manière bimillénaire de s'enquérir ainsi de l'être de l'étant parvient à son aboutissement, dans une compréhension dialectico-spéculative de l'être en tant que ce processus d'autocompréhension et d'autoproduction que Hegel nomme « l'esprit absolu ». À partir de cet aboutissement, de l'être, il n'en sera plus rien pour la pensée occidentale - « dernière fumée d'une réalité s'évaporant » dira Nietzsche. C'est ce phénomène, nommé par Heidegger « l'oubli de l'être (die Seinsvergessenheit) », qui constituera pour lui la motivation centrale de sa tentative de commencer autrement à penser l'être : dans un mouvement qui ne va plus de l'étant à l'être en tant qu'étantité, mais de l'être (Sein ou Seyn) à l'étant : où cela, qui d'ores et déjà se refuse (sich verweigert) à être un étant, ouvre par là même la possibilité à l'étant d'être ce qu'il est en propre. L'être est alors pensé en tant qu'Ereignis, cela qui advient en appropriant, c'est-à-dire en conduisant l'homme et l'étant à leur propre. Notre travail distingue, dans la lecture heideggerienne de Hegel, deux grandes périodes. Cellesci sont solidaires des deux manières non-métaphysiques d'élaborer la question de l'être qui rythment le chemin de pensée de Heidegger (la première ayant abouti à une impasse) : 1°) l'élaboration horizontaletranscendantale de la question de l'être, centrée sur le premier Hauptwerk de Heidegger de 1927, Être et temps, où la question de l'être est considérée primordialement à partir de ce phénomène qu'est l'entente qu'a l'homme de son être et de son destin qui est celui d'être l'espace ouvert, le là pour l'être en général (Dasein) ; 2°) l'élaboration destinale (seynsgeschichtliche) de la question de l'être, centrée sur le deuxième Hauptwerk de Heidegger que sont les Apports à la philosophie (Beiträge zur Philosophie) (1936- 1938), où la question de l'être est considérée cette fois à partir de l'être lui-même en tant qu'Ereignis. Dans l'interprétation horizontale-transcendantale de Hegel, Heidegger oppose à l'être hégélien en tant qu'esprit absolu, éternel et infini, la transcendance finie du rapport temporel de l'homme à l'être. L'explication se concentre ainsi sur les notions de finitude (chapitre II de notre thèse), de transcendance (chapitre III) et de temporalité (chapitre IV), dans laquelle Heidegger fait jouer son interprétation de Kant contre Hegel. Dans l'interprétation destinale de Hegel, qui est l'interprétation décisive, Hegel est compris, dans la perspective de l'histoire-destinée de l'estre (die Geschichte des Seyns), comme celui qui accomplit ce qui se trouve au coeur même de cette histoire-destinée, dès Héraclite et Parménide : le refus qu'a l'homme occidental de prendre en garde la nihilité (Nichthaftigkeit) de l'être. Hegel serait ainsi celui qui accomplit l'occidental refus du refus (Verweigerung) de l'être. Heidegger repère le site de cet accomplissement hégélien dans la conception dialectico-spéculative de la négativité, laquelle en tant que « négativité absolue (absolute Negativität) » constitue le coeur et l'âme de l'être qu'est le processus de l'esprit absolu (chapitre V). L'enjeu de l'interprétation heideggerienne de Hegel devient dès lors de montrer qu'une négativité plus originaire que la négativité absolue se trouve à l'oeuvre en l'être, une négativité non dialectique que nous avons nommé la « négativité abyssale » (chapitre VII). C'est de la compréhension et l'élaboration de cette dernière que dépend la possibilité pour la pensée occidentale de surmonter une bonne fois le nihilisme - gisant au coeur de la métaphysique - tel qu'il se déchaîne actuellement dans la civilisation technique devenue aujourd'hui planétaire (chapitre VI). Tels sont selon nous le sens et l'enjeu derniers de l'explication de Heidegger avec Hegel.

Psychothérapie en milieu somatique--quelles spécificités [Psychotherapy in the somatic field--what specificities?].

This article illustrates some of the specific aspects of the psychotherapeutic approach with medically ill patients. Our considerations are based on our daily work in CL Psychiatry and refer to the psychodynamic model, rooted in Freudian's thought. Characteristics are the setting, as well as the relationship with the patient and the interactions with the physicians as the "emergence" of the suffering body within the therapy. We therefore adopt specific approaches such as the work with the Auxiliary Ego and the narrative reconstruction. This paper illustrates our experiences applying the mentioned tools with patients suffering from chronic pain and cancer.

Historia morbi atrocis--deux nouveaux cas de ruptures spontanées de l'oesophage (syndrome de Boerhaave) [Historia morbi atrocis--2 new cases of spontaneous rupture of the esophagus (Boerhaave syndrome)].]

We report the case of two patients hospitalized within a few weeks of each other and both presenting with spontaneous rupture of the esophagus whose evolution proved fatal. We take the opportunity of drawing attention to this rare and challenging disease, which is often diagnosed too late.

Long-term complete responses after 131I-tositumomab therapy for relapsed or refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

We present the long-term results of 18 chemotherapy relapsed indolent (N = 12) or transformed (N = 6) NHL patients of a phase II anti-CD20 (131)I-tositumomab (Bexxar) therapy study. The biphasic therapy included two injections of 450 mg unlabelled antibody combined with (131)I-tositumomab once as dosimetric and once as therapeutic activity delivering 75 or 65 cGy whole-body radiation dose to patients with normal or reduced platelet counts, respectively. Two patients were not treated due to disease progression during dosimetry. The overall response rate was 81% in the 16 patients treated, including 50% CR/CRu and 31% PR. Median progression free survival of the 16 patients was 22.5 months. Median overall survival has not been reached after a median observation of 48 months. Median PFS of complete responders (CR/CRu) has not been reached and will be greater than 51 months. Short-term side effects were mainly haematological and transient. Among the relevant long-term side effects, one patient previously treated with CHOP chemotherapy died from secondary myelodysplasia. Four patients developed HAMA. In conclusion, (131)I-tositumomab RIT demonstrated durable responses especially in those patients who achieved a complete response. Six of eight CR/CRu are ongoing after 46-70 months.

Characterization of modern and fossil mineral dust transported to high altitude in the Western Alps: Saharan sources and transport patterns

Mineral dust aerosols recently collected at the high-altitude Jungfraujoch research station (46 degrees 33'51 `' N, 7 degrees 59'06 `' E; 3580 m a.s.l.) were compared to mineral dust deposited at the Colle Gnifetti glacier (45 degrees 52'50 `' N, 7 degrees 52'33 `' E; 4455 m a.s.l.) over the last millennium. Radiogenic isotope signatures and backward trajectories analyses indicate that major dust sources are situated in the north-central to north-western part of the Saharan desert. Less radiogenic Sr isotopic compositions of PM10 aerosols and of mineral particles deposited during periods of low dust transfer likely result from the enhancement of the background chemically-weathered Saharan source. Saharan dust mobilization and transport were relatively reduced during the second part of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1690-1870) except within the greatest Saharan dust event deposited around 1770. After ca. 1870, sustained dust deposition suggests that increased mineral dust transport over the Alps during the last century could be due to stronger spring/summer North Atlantic southwesterlies and drier winters in North Africa. On the other hand, increasing carbonaceous particle emissions from fossil fuel combustion combined to a higher lead enrichment factor point to concomitant anthropogenic sources of particulate pollutants reaching high-altitude European glaciers during the last century.

Maladie d'Alzheimer: de la pathogénie aux perspectives cliniques [Alzheimer disease: from pathogenetic issues to clinical perspectives].

The aim of this article is a critical review of the main pathogenetic issues debated in Alzheimer disease, with a focus on the clinical perspectives that could derive from. The pertinence of the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a unique and causal explanation of cognitive deterioration is challenged in the light of recent therapeutic failures of clinical trials and increasing role of tau protein in clinical expression. The detection of very early and possibly preclinical stages of the disease emerges as a necessary condition for the efficacy of future amyloid or tau-oriented curative strategies. In this respect, the possibility of finding individual vulnerability markers--in the group of patients with "mild cognitive impairment" or even in cognitively intact subjects--represents a major challenge of the clinical research in this field.

La correspondance de F.-B. De Felice : une source pour l'étude des transferts culturels dans l'Europe des Lumières

Fortunato Bartolomeo De Felice (1723-1789) fut le maître d'oeuvre de l'Encyclopédie d'Yverdon (1770-1780), une refonte complète et originale de l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert. Inséré dans un vaste réseau scientifique et commercial, De Felice était en relation épistolaire avec de nombreux savants et libraires de l'Europe des Lumières. Restée presque entièrement inédite jusqu'à sa récente publication sous forme électronique, la correspondance de De Felice constitue une véritable mine d'informations : ces lettres apportent un éclairage précieux sur l'encyclopédisme, le marché du livre et la circulation des savoirs à la fin de l'Ancien Régime. La présente étude se propose de montrer en quoi cette riche correspondance documente de manière renouvelée la question des transferts culturels au XVIIIe siècle : à la lumière de cette source exceptionnelle, De Felice apparaît en effet comme un intermédiaire culturel de premier plan.

Gout: why is this curable disease so seldom cured?

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and one in which pathogenesis and risk factors are best understood. One of the treatment objectives in current guidelines is 'cure'. However, audits show that only a minority of patients with gout receive adequate advice and treatment. Suboptimal care and outcomes reflect inappropriately negative perceptions of the disease, both in patients and providers. Historically, gout has been portrayed as a benign and even comical condition that is self-inflicted through overeating and alcohol excess. Doctors often focus on managing acute attacks rather than viewing gout as a chronic progressive crystal deposition disease. Urate-lowering treatment is underprescribed and often underdosed. Appropriate education of patients and doctors, catalysed by recent introduction of new urate-lowering treatments after many years with no drug development in the field, may help to overcome these barriers and improve management of this easily diagnosed and curable form of potentially severe arthritis.

Influence des habitudes alimentaires sur la morbidité chez 645 patients obèses d'une consultation spécialisée. [Effect of eating habits on morbidity in 645 patients at a specialized clinic].

Among 645 obese patients examined at an out-patient clinic for obese patients by physical examination and a computerized questionnaire, two subgroups of patients could be identified according to their nutritional preferences: 177 patients preferred carbohydrates exclusively (group A) and 73 patients fat exclusively (group B). No definite preferences were formulated by the other patients. Among patients under 25 years, only 3 belonged to group B and 49 to group A, while in older patients no significant differences were found. Among patients with BMI less than 30, there were significantly fewer patients from group B than from group A (p = 0.006), while in patients with BMI greater than 30 no significant difference was observed. There were significantly more men in group B than in group A. 57% of the patients of group B complained of physical symptoms related to their obesity, compared to 37% in group A (p = 0.006). 26% of group B suffered from joints and muscles compared to 13% of group A (p = 0.003). Hyperglycemia (greater than 5,6 mmol/l) was found in 21% of group A and in 40% of group B (p less than 0.005). Hypercholesterolemia (greater than 6.5 mmol/l) was found in 20% of group A and in 32% of group B (p less than 0.05). In conclusion, obese patients who prefer fat have more general symptoms related to obesity, more abnormal physical signs, and more frequently have hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia than patients who prefer carbohydrates.

Triiodothyronine has diverse and multiple stimulating effects on expression of the major myelin protein genes.

If the importance of triiodothyronine (T3) on brain development including myelinogenesis has long been recognized, its mechanism of action at the gene level is still not fully elucidated. We studied the effect of T3 on the expression of myelin protein genes in aggregating brain cell cultures. T3 increases the concentrations of mRNA transcribed from the following four myelin protein genes: myelin basic protein (Mbp), myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), proteolipid protein (Plp), and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp). T3 is not only a triggering signal for oligodendrocyte differentiation, but it has continuous stimulatory effects on myelin gene expression. Transcription in isolated nuclei experiments shows that T3 increases Mag and Cnp transcription rates. After inhibiting transcription with actinomycin D, we measured the half-lives of specific mRNAs. Our results show that T3 increases the stability of mRNA for myelin basic protein, and probably proteolipid protein. In vitro translation followed by myelin basic protein-specific immunoprecipitation showed a direct stimulatory effect of T3 on myelin basic protein mRNA translation. Moreover, this stimulation was higher when the mRNA was already stabilized in culture, indicating that stabilization is achieved through mRNA structural modifications. These results demonstrate the diverse and multiple mechanisms of T3 stimulation of myelin protein genes.

The relationship between Lamb weather types and long-term changes in flood frequency, River Eden, UK

Research has found that both flood magnitude and frequency in the UK may have increased over the last five decades. However, evaluating whether or not this is a systematic trend is difficult because of the lack of longer records. Here we compile and consider an extreme flood record that extends back to 1770. Since 1770, there have been 137 recorded extreme floods. However, over this period, there is not a unidirectional trend of rising extreme flood risk over time. Instead, there are clear flood-rich and flood-poor periods. Three main flood-rich periods were identified: 18731904, 19231933, and 1994 onwards. To provide a first analysis of what is driving these periods, and given the paucity of more sophisticated datasets that extend back to the 18th century, objective Lamb weather types were used. Of the 27 objective Lamb weather types, only 11 could be associated with the extreme floods during the gauged period, and only 5 of these accounted for > 80% of recorded extreme floods The importance of these five weather types over a longer timescale for flood risk in Carlisle was assessed, through calculating the proportion of each hydrological year classified as being associated with these flood-generating weather types. Two periods clearly had more than the average proportions of the year classified as one of the flood causing weather types; 19001940 and 19832007; and these two periods both contained flood-rich hydrological records. Thus, the analysis suggests that systematic organisation of the North Atlantic climate system may be manifest as periods of elevated and reduced flood risk, an observation that has major implications for analyses that assume that climatic drivers of flood risk can be either statistically stationary or are following a simple trend. Copyright (c) 2011 Royal Meteorological Society