Prefabrication of composite grafts for long-segment tracheal reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prefabrication of vascularized mucosa-lined composite grafts intended to replace circumferential tracheal defects. DESIGN: Plane grafts composed of ear cartilage and full-thickness oral mucosa were revascularized by the laterothoracic fascia. The use of meshed vs nonmeshed mucosa to improve the epithelial coverage was examined. We also investigated the creation of a vascular bed over the cartilage and the subsequent application of meshed mucosa. Macroscopic aspects, viability, and degree of mucosal lining were analyzed. SUBJECTS: Twenty male New Zealand white rabbits. INTERVENTIONS: Ten animals underwent placement of auricular cartilage under the laterothoracic fascia. Intact (group 1) or meshed mucosa (group 2) was applied over the fascia and protected by a silicone sheet. After 3 weeks, prefabricated grafts were removed for comparison. In 10 other animals, a sheet of perforated cartilage was placed under the laterothoracic fascia. Two weeks later, 5 grafts (group 3) were harvested. The remaining 5 grafts were reopened for mucosal application over the cartilage and revascularized for 3 additional weeks (group 4). RESULTS: Vascularized plane grafts were obtained in all groups. Mucosal lining increased significantly with meshed mucosa (14%-68%; mean, 40%) compared with nonmeshed mucosa (3%-15%; mean, 10%) (P = .008). Induction of a vascular bed over perforated cartilage was achieved, but survival of secondary implanted mucosa was variable. CONCLUSIONS: A reliable technique to prefabricate composite grafts with cartilaginous support and mucosal lining is presented. The use of meshed mucosa significantly improves epithelial coverage.

Properties of ideal composite knots.

The shortest tube of constant diameter that can form a given knot represents the 'ideal' form of the knot. Ideal knots provide an irreducible representation of the knot, and they have some intriguing mathematical and physical features, including a direct correspondence with the time-averaged shapes of knotted DNA molecules in solution. Here we describe the properties of ideal forms of composite knots-knots obtained by the sequential tying of two or more independent knots (called factor knots) on the same string. We find that the writhe (related to the handedness of crossing points) of composite knots is the sum of that of the ideal forms of the factor knots. By comparing ideal composite knots with simulated configurations of knotted, thermally fluctuating DNA, we conclude that the additivity of writhe applies also to randomly distorted configurations of composite knots and their corresponding factor knots. We show that composite knots with several factor knots may possess distinct structural isomers that can be interconverted only by loosening the knot.

Upper Triassic to Cretaceous radiolaria from Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica - The Mesquito composite oceanic terrane

We propose a new terrane subdivision of Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica, based on Upper Triassic to Upper Cretaceous radiolarian biochronology of ribbon radiolarites, the newly studied Siuna Serpentinite Mélange, and published 40Ar/39Ar dating and geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic igneous rock units of the area. The new Mesquito Composite Oceanic Terrane (MCOT) comprises the southern half of the Chortis Block, that was assumed to be a continental fragment of N-America. The MCOT is defined by 4 corner localities characterized by ultramafic and mafic oceanic rocks and radiolarites of Late Triassic, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age: 1. The Siuna Serpentinite Mélange (NE-Nicaragua), 2. The El Castillo Mélange (Nicaragua/Costa Rica border), 3.The Santa Elena Ultramafics (N-Costa Rica) and, 4. DSDP Legs 67/84. 1. The Siuna Serpentinite Mélange contains, high pressure metamorphic mafics and Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) radiolarites in original, sedimentary contact with arc-metandesites. The Siuna Mélange also contains Upper Jurassic black detrital chert formed in a marginal (fore-arc?) basin shortly before subduction. A phengite 40Ar/39Ar -cooling age dates the exhumation of the high pressure rocks as 139 Ma (earliest Cretaceous). 2. The El Castillo Mélange comprises a radiolarite block tectonically embedded in serpentinite that yielded a diverse Rhaetian (latest Triassic) radiolarian assemblage, the oldest fossils recovered so far from S-Central America. 3. The Santa Elena Ultramafics of N-Costa Rica together with the serpentinite outcrops near El Castillo (2) in Southern Nicaragua, are the southernmost outcrops of the MCOT. The Santa Elena Unit (3) itself is still undated, but it is thrust onto the middle Cretaceous Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex (SRAC), that contains Lower to Upper Jurassic, highly deformed radiolarite blocks, probably reworked from the MCOT, which was the upper plate with respect to the SRAC. 4. Serpentinites, metagabbros and basalts have long been known from DSDP Leg 67/84 (3), drilled off Guatemala in the Nicaragua-Guatemala forearc basement. They have been restudied and reveal 40Ar/39Ar dated Upper Triassic to middle Cretaceous enriched Ocean Island Basalts and Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous depleted Island arc rocks of probable Pacific origin. The area between localities 1-4 is largely covered by Tertiary to Recent arcs, but we suspect that its basement is made of oceanic/accreted terranes. Earthquake seismic studies indicate an ill-defined, shallow Moho in this area. The MCOT covers most of Nicaragua and could extend to Guatemala to the W and form the Lower (southern) Nicaragua Rise to the NE. Some basement complexes of Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico may also belong to the MCOT. The Nicoya Complex s. str. has been regarded as an example of Caribbean crust and the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP). However, 40Ar/39Ar - dates on basalts and intrusives indicate ages as old as Early Cretaceous. Highly deformed Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous radiolarites occur as blocks within younger intrusives and basalts. Our interpretation is that radiolarites became first accreted to the MCOT, then became reworked into the Nicoya Plateau in Late Cretaceous times. This implies that the Nicoya Plateau formed along the Pacific edge of the MCOT, independent form the CLIP and most probably unrelated with he Galapagos hotspot. No Jurassic radiolarite, no older sediment age than Coniacian-Santonian, and no older 40Ar/39Ar age than 95 Ma is known from S-Central America between SE of Nicoya and Colombia. For us this area represents the trailing edge of the CLIP s. str.

Accuracy and predictability in use of AO three-dimensionally preformed titanium mesh plates for posttraumatic orbital reconstruction: a pilot study.

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the accuracy and predictability of new three-dimensionally preformed AO titanium mesh plates for posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction.We analyzed the preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiologic data of 10 patients with isolated blow-out orbital fractures. Fracture locations were as follows: floor (N = 7; 70%), medial wall (N = 1; 1%), and floor/medial wall (N = 2; 2%). The floor fractures were exposed by a standard transconjunctival approach, whereas a combined transcaruncular transconjunctival approach was used in patients with medial wall fractures. A three-dimensional preformed AO titanium mesh plate (0.4 mm in thickness) was selected according to the size of the defect previously measured on the preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan examination and fixed at the inferior orbital rim with 1 or 2 screws. The accuracy of plate positioning of the reconstructed orbit was assessed on the postoperative CT scan. Coronal CT scan slices were used to measure bony orbital volume using OsiriX Medical Image software. Reconstructed versus uninjured orbital volume were statistically correlated.Nine patients (90%) had a successful treatment outcome without complications. One patient (10%) developed a mechanical limitation of upward gaze with a resulting handicapping diplopia requiring hardware removal. Postoperative orbital CT scan showed an anatomic three-dimensional placement of the orbital mesh plates in all of the patients. Volume data of the reconstructed orbit fitted that of the contralateral uninjured orbit with accuracy to within 2.5 cm(3). There was no significant difference in volume between the reconstructed and uninjured orbits.This preliminary study has demonstrated that three-dimensionally preformed AO titanium mesh plates for posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction results in (1) a high rate of success with an acceptable rate of major clinical complications (10%) and (2) an anatomic restoration of the bony orbital contour and volume that closely approximates that of the contralateral uninjured orbit.

Treatment of extended skin defects with autologous composite cultured skin grafts in a patient with epidermolysis bullosa

Rationale: The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the use of homologous culture cells in treating an advanced coccon formation of the hand and three extended squamous cell carcinomas of the lower and upper limb in a patient with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. The preparation and application of these cells in the operation room are being described. Methods: A number of surgical approaches have been described to correct these deformities in order to improve function.We propose a new therapeutic approach of treating loss of motion and independent digital function as well as coverage of large skin defects in a patient with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa by using autologous culture cells. Surgical treatment of these patients is really difficult because of the existing skin fragility. Furthermore, surgical wounds do not easily heal because of recurrent blisters and erosions as well as due to the patients' poor nutricial status. Results: We report our experience of mutiple extended cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arising in our patient which were successfully managed using autologous composite cultured skin grafts. The cocoon hand deformity was also treated with the limb becoming functional. Conclusion: The use of autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts in epidermolysis bullosa is hereby outlined for the fist time.

A two-phase composite in simple shear: Effective mechanical anisotropy development and localization potential

We present a combined shape and mechanical anisotropy evolution model for a two-phase inclusion-bearing rock subject to large deformation. A single elliptical inclusion embedded in a homogeneous but anisotropic matrix is used to represent a simplified shape evolution enforced on all inclusions. The mechanical anisotropy develops due to the alignment of elongated inclusions. The effective anisotropy is quantified using the differential effective medium (DEM) approach. The model can be run for any deformation path and an arbitrary viscosity ratio between the inclusion and host phase. We focus on the case of simple shear and weak inclusions. The shape evolution of the representative inclusion is largely insensitive to the anisotropy development and to parameter variations in the studied range. An initial hardening stage is observed up to a shear strain of gamma = 1 irrespective of the inclusion fraction. The hardening is followed by a softening stage related to the developing anisotropy and its progressive rotation toward the shear direction. The traction needed to maintain a constant shear rate exhibits a fivefold drop at gamma = 5 in the limiting case of an inviscid inclusion. Numerical simulations show that our analytical model provides a good approximation to the actual evolution of a two-phase inclusion-host composite. However, the inclusions develop complex sigmoidal shapes resulting in the formation of an S-C fabric. We attribute the observed drop in the effective normal viscosity to this structural development. We study the localization potential in a rock column bearing varying fraction of inclusions. In the inviscid inclusion case, a strain jump from gamma = 3 to gamma = 100 is observed for a change of the inclusion fraction from 20% to 33%.

A composite stratigraphy for the Neoproterozoic Huqf Supergroup of Oman: integrating new litho-, chemo- and chronostratigraphic data of the Mirbat area, southern Oman

The Huqf Supergroup in Oman contains an exceptionally well-preserved and complete sedimentary record of the Middle to Late Neoproterozoic Era. Outcrops of the Huqf Supergroup in northern and central Oman are now well documented, but their correlation with a key succession in the Mirbat area of southern Oman, containing a sedimentary record of two Neoproterozoic glaciations, is poorly understood. Integration of lithostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic and new U-Pb detrital zircon data suggests that the Mirbat Group is best placed within the Cryogenian (c. 850-635 Ma) part of the Huqf Supergroup. The c. I km thick marine deposits of the Arkahawl and Marsham Formations of the Mirbat Group are thought to represent a stratigraphic interval between older Cryogenian and younger Cryogenian glaciations that is not preserved elsewhere in Oman. The bulk of detrital zircons in the Huqf Supergroup originate from Neoproterozoic parent rocks. However, older Mesoproterozoic, Palaeoproterozoic and even Archaean zircons can be recognized in the detrital population from the upper Mahara Group (Fiq Formation) and Nafun Group, suggesting the tapping of exotic sources, probably from the Arabian-Nubian Shield.

Mesozoic oceanic terranes of southern Central America : geology, geochemistry and gedynamics

Abstract The Northwestern edge of the modern Caribbean Plate, located in central Middle America (S-Guatemala to N-Costa Rica), is characterized by a puzzle of oceanic and continental terranes that belonged originally to the Pacific façade of North America. South of the Motagua Fault Zone, the actual northern strike slip boundary of the Caribbean Plate, three continental slivers (Copán, Chortis s. str. and Patuca) are sandwiched between two complex suture zones that contain HP/LT mafic and ultramafic oceanic rocks: The Motagua Mélanges to the North, extensively studied in the last ten years and the' newly defined Mesquito Composite Oceanic Terrane (MCOT) to the South. No modem geological data were available for the oceanic terrane located in the southern part of the so called continental "Chortis Block". Classically, the southern limit of this block with the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) was placed at a hypothetical fault line connecting the main E-W fault in the Santa Elena Peninsula (N-Costa Rica) with the Hess Escarpment. However, our study in eastern Nicaragua and northwestern Costa Rica evidences an extensive assemblage of oceanic upper mantle and crustal rocks outcropping between the Chortis/Patuca continental blocks and the CLIP. They comprise collided and accreted exotic terranes of Pacific origin recording a polyphased tectonic history. We distinguish: 1- The MCOT that comprises a Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous puzzle of oceanic crust and arc-derived rocks set in a serpentinite matrix, and 2- The Manzanillo and Nicoya Terranes that are made of Cretaceous plateau-like rocks associated with oceanic sediments older than the CLIP. This study has been focused on the rocks of the MCOT. The MCOT comprises the southern half of the former "Chortis Block" and is defined by 4 comer localities characterized by ultramafic and mafic oceanic rocks of Late Triassic, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous age: 1- The Siuna Serpentinite Mélange (NE-Nicaragua), 2- The El Castillo Mélange (Nicaragua/Costa Rica border), 3- DSDP Legs 67 and 84 (Guatemala fore-arc basin), and 4- The Santa Elena Peridiotite (NW-Costa Rica). The Siuna Serpentinite Mélange (SSM) is a HP/LT subduction zone mélange set in a serpentinite matrix that contains oceanic crust and arc-related greenschist to blueschist/eclogite facies metamafic and metasedimentary blocks. Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) radiolarites are found in original sedimentary contact with arc-derived greenstones. Late Jurassic black detrital chert possibly formed in a marginal (fore-arc?) basin shortly before subduction. A phengite 40Ar/39Ar -cooling age dates the exhumation of the high pressure rocks as 139 Ma. The El Castillo Mélange (ECM) is composed of serpentinite matrix with OIB metabasalts and Late Triassic (Rhaetian) red and green radiolarite blocks. Recent studies of the DSDP Legs 67/84 show that the Guatemala/Nicaragua fore-arc basin is composed of a pile of ultramafic, mafic (OIB-like) and arc related rocks with ages ranging from Late Triassic to Campanian. Finally, the Santa Elena peridiotites that mark the limit of the MCOT with the Manzanillo/Nicoya Terranes and correspond to an association of ultramafic rocks that comprise peridiotites, dunites and chromites of abyssal and fore-arc origin. The SSM is the result of a collision between a Middle Jurassic island arc and the Patuca Terrane, a fragment of the Western N-American active continental margin. The Siuna Mélange (SSM) and the South Montagna Mélange share common characteristics with the Pacific N-American suture zone (E-Franciscan and Vizcaino mélanges), in particular, the Mesozoic ages of HP/LT metamorphic and the arc-derived blocks. For us, these mélanges imply an originally continuous, but slightly diachronous suture that affected the entire W-American active margin. It may imply the arrival and collision of an exotic intraoceanic arc (Guerrero-Phoenix) related to the origin of the Pacific Plate that initiated as a back arc basin of this arc. The present disposition of the fragments of this suture zone is the result of a northward shift of the active left-lateral strike slip motion between the N-American and the Caribbean Plates. Résumé Le coin nord-ouest de la Plaque Caraïbe moderne se trouve en Amérique Centrale, entre le sud du Guatemala et le nord du Costa Rica. Cette région est composée d'un puzzle de terrains océaniques et continentaux dont les origines se situent sur la façade pacifique de l'Amérique du Nord. Au sud de la faille de Motagua, la limite septentrionale actuelle, décrochante, de la Plaque Caraïbe, se trouvent 3 copeaux continentaux (Copàn, Chortis s. str. et Patuca) coincés entre deux zones de suture complexes à roches mafiques et ultramafiques qui ont subi un métamorphisme de haute pression/basse température (HP/LT). Il s'agit des Mélanges de Motagua au nord, largement étudiés ces dernières années, et du Mesquito Composite Oceanic Terrane (MCOT), récemment défini par nous, au sud. En vue de l'absence de données géologiques modernes concernant les terrains océaniques qui se trouvent dans la partie sud du "Chortis Block" considérée comme continentale, nous avons dédié cette étude à cette région. Classiquement, la limite méridionale entre le "Chortis Block" et la "Caribbean Large Igneous Province" (CLIP) a été associée à une faille hypothétique reliant la faille E-W de Santa Elena (nord du Costa Rica) à l'Escarpement de Hess. Notre étude au Nicaragua oriental et au Costa Rica nord-occidental a révélé l'existence de larges terrains composés d'assemblages de roches mantéliques et océaniques qui se placent entre les blocs continentaux Chortis/Patuca et le CLIP. Ces assemblages révèlent des terrains collisionnés et accrétés d'origine pacifique enregistrant une histoire tectonique polyphasée. Nous distinguons: 1- Le MCOT, un puzzle de roches océaniques d'arc d'âge Triassique supérieur au Crétacée inférieur, 2- Les terrains de Manzanillo et de Nicoya, des morceaux de plateaux océaniques associés à des sédiments océaniques plus âgés que le CLIP. Cette étude se focalisera sur les roches du MCOT. Le MCOT occupe la moitié sud de l'ancien "Chortis Block" et peut se définir par 4 localités de référence qui montrent des roches mafiques et ultramafiques océaniques d'âges compris entre le Trias supérieur et le Crétacée inférieur. 1- Le Siuna Serpentinite Mélange (NE-Nicaragua), 2- Le El Castillo Mélange (Nicaragua/Costa Rica border), 3- Le DSDP Legs 67/84 (Guatemala fore-arc basin) et 4- La Santa Elena Peridiotite (nord-ouest du Costa Rica). Le Siuna Serpentinite Mélange (SSM) est un mélange de subduction HP/BT dans une matrice de serpentinite. On y trouve des éléments de croûte océanique et d'arc insulaire en faciès de schistes verts et schistes bleus. Des radiolarites du Jurassique moyen se trouvent en contact sédimentaire sur des roches vertes d'arc. En revanche, des cherts noirs détritiques datent du Jurassique supérieur et sont probablement issus d'un bassin marginal (fore-arc ?) peu avant leur subduction, car un âge 40Ar/39Ar de refroidissement des phengites date l'exhumation des roches de haute pression à 139 Ma. Le Mélange d'El Castillo (ECM) est constitué d'une matrice serpentinitique et contient des blocs de metabasaltes OIB et des blocs de radiolarites du Trias terminal. Des études récentes ont repris les roches forées lors des DSDP Legs 67 et 84 et montrent que le soubassement du bassin d'avant-arc du Guatemala-Nicaragua est composé de roches ultramafiques et mafiques (OIB et arc), dont les âges isotopiques vont du Trias au Crétacé supérieur. Finalement, les péridiotites de Santa Elena forment la limite sud du MCOT par rapport aux terrains de Manzanillo et Nicoya. Elles contiennent des serpentinites et localement des dunites et chromites à affinité abyssale et de fore-arc. Le SSM témoigne d'une collision entre un arc insulaire d'âge Jurassique moyen et le Patuca Terrane, un fragment de la marge active nord-américaine. Le SSM et le South Motagua Mélange ont des caractéristiques en commun avec les zones de suture de la façade pacifique de l'Amérique du nord (E-Franciscan et Vizcaino mélanges), notamment les âges Mésozoïques du métamorphisme HP/BT et les blocs de roches d'arc. Ce fait nous conduit à penser qu'il s'agit d'une grande zone de suture qui était à l'origine continue sur toute la marge ouest-américaine, mais légèrement diachrone. Cette suture implique l'arrivée et la collision d'un arc intraocéanique exotique (Guerrero-Phoenix) qui est à l'origine de la Plaque Pacifique qui s'ouvrait en back arc par rapport à celui-ci. La disposition actuelle des fragments de cette suture est due à la migration vers le nord du décrochement actif senestre entre la Plaque nord-américaine et la Plaque Caraïbe. K. Flores, 2009 Mesozoic oceanic terranes of southern central America Résumé Grand Public La présente thèse est le résultat de travaux de terrain effectués de 2005 à 2008 au nord-est et au sud du Nicaragua et au nord du Costa Rica, en Amérique Centrale, des analyses pétrologiques et géochimiques en laboratoire ainsi que de la modélisation de l'évolution géodynamique. La région étudiée se situe en bordure nord - ouest de la Plaque Caraïbe moderne. Dans la majorité des publications récentes cette région est représentée comme un vaste bloc continental (le "Bloc Chortis") qui serait limité, (i) au nord, par la faille décrochante de Motagua, la limite actuelle entre la Plaque Nord-Américaine et la Plaque Caraïbe, et (ii) au sud, par une suture hypothétique qui se trouverait aux confins entre le Nicaragua et le Costa Rica. La région du Costa Rica a été considérée presque entièrement comme une partie du Plateau Caraïbe ("Caribbean Large Igneous Province" (CLIP)). L'étude détaillée des affleurements nous a permis de mettre en évidence : - Au nord-est du Nicaragua (Siuna) : Des roches océaniques datées du Jurassique moyen, grâce aux faunes à radiolaires qui ont été extraites des radiolarites rouges. Ces roches ont subi un métamorphisme de haute pression typique des zones de collision. L'étude radio-isotopique Ar/Ar a permis de dater la collision du Crétacé basal (139 Ma). - Au sud du Nicaragua : Des roches océaniques d'âge Trias terminal (200 millions d'années), également datées à l'aide de faunes à radiolaires. Il s'agit actuellement des roches océaniques les plus anciennes connues de l'Amérique Centrale. - L'étude géochimique et les âges des fossiles démontrent que le tiers septentrional du Costa Rica possède un soubassement construit d'au moins deux terrains (Nicoya et Manzanillo), qui ont des caractéristiques de Plateau océanique (Nicoya) et d'arc volcanique du Crétacé moyen (Manzanillo). Ces deux terrains sont plus anciens que le CLIP. En conclusion, nous constatons que la région étudiée est constituée d'un puzzle de 3 blocs continentaux et d'un vaste terrain océanique composite que nous appelons Mesquito Composite Oceanic Terrane (MCOT). En plus, nous définissons les terrains de Nicoya et de Manzanillo comme plus âgés et distincts du CLIP. Le MCOT est caractérisé par la présence de roches du manteau supérieur (les serpentinites) et de la croûte océanique, ainsi que des morceaux d'arcs, d'âge allant du Trias supérieur au Crétacé. Ce terrain est comparable à d'autres zones de suture de la façade pacifique de l'Amérique du nord, notamment en ce qui concerne les âges Mésozoïques, le métamorphisme de haute pression et l'association de roches mantéliques et crustales océaniques. Ce fait nous conduit à penser qu'il s'agit d'une grande zone de suture qui était à l'origine continue sur toute la marge ouest-américaine. Cette suture implique l'arrivée et la collision d'un arc infra-océanique exotique qui serait à l'origine de la Plaque Pacifique qui se serait ouverte en bassin d'arrière arc par rapport à celui-ci. La disposition actuelle des fragments de cette suture est due à la migration vers le nord du décrochement actif senestre entre la Plaque nord-américaine et la Plaque Caraïbe.

Multi-source composite kernels for urban image classification

This letter presents advanced classification methods for very high resolution images. Efficient multisource information, both spectral and spatial, is exploited through the use of composite kernels in support vector machines. Weighted summations of kernels accounting for separate sources of spectral and spatial information are analyzed and compared to classical approaches such as pure spectral classification or stacked approaches using all the features in a single vector. Model selection problems are addressed, as well as the importance of the different kernels in the weighted summation.

Emission of carbon nanofiber (CNF) from CNF-containing composite adsorbents

In spite of numerous applications of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in a variety of fields, the potential release of airborne CNF during their special application, which could lead to workers or end-users exposure, has not been well investigated. In this study, the potential release of CNF from an organic vapour respirator cartridge was evaluated by carbon analysis and microscopy analysis. The cartridge consisted of an AC (Activated Carbon)/CNF composite adsorbent and different types of particulate filters. The composite adsorbent CNF were prepared by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Air was passed through the prepared cartridge for 12 hours at 12 l/min and particles were collected on sampling filters suitable for measuring organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) by carbon analysis based on the NIOSH 5040 method. Breakthrough of CNFs was also checked by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). This study found only minimal amounts of released elemental carbon while passing the air through the cartridge. Meanwhile TEM photos showed a few CNF structures for AC/CNF composite adsorbents which were not in the critical range in terms of length, aspect ratio, or number. [Authors]

Integrating life cycle costs and environmental impacts of composite rail car-bodies for a Korean train

Background, aim, and scope A coupled Life Cycle Costing and life cycle assessment has been performed for car-bodies of the Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX) project using European and Korean databases, with the objective of assessing environmental and cost performance to aid materials and process selection. More specifically, the potential of polymer composite car-body structures for the Korean Tilting Train eXpress (TTX) has been investigated. Materials and methods This assessment includes the cost of both carriage manufacturing and use phases, coupled with the life cycle environmental impacts of all stages from raw material production, through carriage manufacture and use, to end-of-life scenarios. Metallic carriages were compared with two composite options: hybrid steel-composite and full-composite carriages. The total planned production for this regional Korean train was 440 cars, with an annual production volume of 80 cars. Results and discussion The coupled analyses were used to generate plots of cost versus energy consumption and environmental impacts. The results show that the raw material and manufacturing phase costs are approximately half of the total life cycle costs, whilst their environmental impact is relatively insignificant (3-8%). The use phase of the car-body has the largest environmental impact for all scenarios, with near negligible contributions from the other phases. Since steel rail carriages weigh more (27-51%), the use phase cost is correspondingly higher, resulting in both the greatest environmental impact and the highest life cycle cost. Compared to the steel scenario, the hybrid composite variant has a lower life cycle cost (16%) and a lower environmental impact (26%). Though the full composite rail carriage may have the highest manufacturing cost, it results in the lowest total life cycle costs and lowest environmental impacts. Conclusions and recommendations This coupled cost and life cycle assessment showed that the full composite variant was the optimum solution. This case study showed that coupling of technical cost models with life cycle assessment offers an efficient route to accurately evaluate economic and environmental performance in a consistent way.

Computer-aided volume measurement of posttraumatic orbits reconstructed with AO titanium mesh plates: accuracy and reliability

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the accuracy and reliability of "freehand" posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction with AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osteosynthese) titanium mesh plates by using computer-aided volumetric measurement of the bony orbits. METHODS: Bony orbital volume was measured in 12 patients from coronal CT scan slices using OsiriX Medical Image software. After defining the volumetric limits of the orbit, the segmentation of the bony orbital region of interest of each single slice was performed. At the end of the segmentation process, all regions of interest were grouped and the volume was computed. The same procedure was performed on both orbits, and thereafter the volume of the contralateral uninjured orbit was used as a control for comparison. RESULTS: In all patients, the volume data of the reconstructed orbit fitted that of the contralateral uninjured orbit with accuracy to within 1.85 cm3 (7%). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study has demonstrated that posttraumatic orbital wall reconstruction using "freehand" bending and placement of AO titanium mesh plates results in a high success rate in re-establishing preoperative bony volume, which closely approximates that of the contralateral uninjured orbit.

Independent sources of condition dependency and multiple pathways determine a composite trait: lessons from carotenoid-based plumage colouration.

Many colour ornaments are composite traits consisting of at least four components, which themselves may be more complex, determined by independent evolutionary pathways, and potentially being under different environmental control. To date, little evidence exists that several different components of colour elaboration are condition dependent and no direct evidence exists that different ornamental components are affected by different sources of variation. For example, in carotenoid-based plumage colouration, one of the best-known condition-dependent ornaments, colour elaboration stems from both condition-dependent pigment concentration and structural components. Some environmental flexibility of these components has been suggested, but specifically which and how they are affected remains unknown. Here, we tested whether multiple colour components may be condition dependent, by using a comprehensive 3 × 2 experimental design, in which we carotenoid supplemented and immune challenged great tit nestlings (Parus major) and quantified effects on different components of colouration. Plumage colouration was affected by an interaction between carotenoid availability and immune challenge. Path analyses showed that carotenoid supplementation increased plumage saturation via feather carotenoid concentration and via mechanisms unrelated to carotenoid deposition, while immune challenge affected feather length, but not carotenoid concentration. Thus, independent condition-dependent pathways, affected by different sources of variation, determine colour elaboration. This provides opportunities for the evolution of multiple signals within components of ornamental traits. This finding indicates that the selective forces shaping the evolution of different components of a composite trait and the trait's signal content may be more complex than believed so far, and that holistic approaches are required for drawing comprehensive evolutionary conclusions.