39 resultados para CD-ROMS

em Université de Lausanne, Switzerland


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Résumé « Laennec CD-ROM » est un programme d'enseignement assisté par ordinateur (EAO) pour l'apprentissage de la sémiologie en pneumologie. Son idée de base était de fournir aux étudiants et aux enseignants un outil d'apprentissage interactif et richement illustré des différents gestes cliniques en pneumologie. Primé en 1994 pour la meilleure contribution multimédia à la European Academie Software Award (EASA-94), il représente un bon exemple de ce qui pouvait être réalisé alors. Mais l'histoire de l'EAO remonte aux années 1960. Un bref historique de l'EAO permet de mieux situer ce programme dans le temps. Et comme tout outil pédagogique, celui-ci s'appuie sur une représentation de comment l'apprentissage se fait. Trois courants pédagogiques majeurs sont présentés. Le behaviorisme ou comportementalisme pour qui le savoir est transmis pour être stocké tel quel par l'apprenant. Pour le cognitivisme, par contre, le contenu est retravaillé par l'apprenant avant d'être stocké, et ce traitement de l'information peut être influencé. Quant au constructivisme, celui-ci prédit que le savoir est construit à l'aide des contenus mis à disposition, mettant en avant l'importance du contexte dans lequel l'apprentissage se fait. Mais indépendamment des orientations pédagogiques, une des question fondamentale est : un enseignement assisté par ordinateur est-il meilleur qu'un enseignement traditionnel ? Étonnamment, il n'est pas facile de répondre à cette question, malgré de . nombreuses études sur le sujet. « Laennec CD-ROM » est constitué de trois parties. Un tutoriel présentant de manière didactique l'inspection, la palpation, la percussion et l'auscultation pulmonaire. Il est richement illustré par des dessins, photos, vidéo et sons d'auscultation. La deuxième partie présente sept patients souffrant de maladies pulmonaires fréquentes. Ce volet du cd-rom permet d'appliquer à des cas les principes de sémiologie appris dans le tutoriel. Pour chaque patient, une anamnèse, un examen clinique (avec des sons d'auscultation) et une série d'examens para-cliniques (imagerie, laboratoire) permettent à l'utilisateur de poser un diagnostic différentiel et un traitement. La troisième partie du cd-rom est un petit historique sur René, Théophile, Hyacinthe Laennec, l'inventeur du stéthoscope. Pour terminer, la conception et la réalisation du programme sont présentées en détail ainsi que sa validation et son utilisation.

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Oolitic carbonates belonging to the Hauptrogenstein Formation of Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) age have been shown to be anomalously enriched in cadmium (Cd) throughout the Jura Mountains. Soils associated with this type of rock substratum may be naturally polluted with regards to Cd. At Schleifenberg (Canton Basel Land, Switzerland) the Hauptrogenstein Formation is almost entirely exposed along a trail on its SW flank. Cadmium concentrations were systematically measured throughout this formation and Cd enrichments in rocks are shown to occur to a maximum content of 4.9 mg kg(-1). We investigated associated soils, which cover the entire outcrop, and show that they have been formed through the weathering of the underlying bedrock and through the uptake of colluvial limestone fragments from the same and older formations. Cadmium contents in the soils reach a maximum value of 2.0 mg kg(-1), thereby exceeding the official Swiss indicative guideline value for soils fixed at 0.8 mg.kg(-1). Mineralogical analyses on the soils and associated bedrock suggest that no allochthonous component related to aeolian transport is present. Sequential extractions applied to selected soil samples show that about half of the Cd resides in the carbonate fraction coming from the fractured parent-rock, while the Cd released from the weathered carbonates is associated either with organic matter (over 10%) or with Fe and Mn-oxihydroxides (approximately 30%). No exchangeable Cd phase was found and this, together with the buffer capacity of this calcareous soil, suggests that the amount of mobile Cd is quite negligible in this soil, which also greatly reduces the amount of bioavailable

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Résumé L'arrivée en force de l'imagerie numérique de bonne qualité à un prix abordable m'a fait réfléchir à la meilleure manière de l'intégrer dans la pratique courante de l'enseignement de la dermatologie, spécialité très visuelle. Comment mettre à profit la richesse des images et les nombreuses possibilités pédagogiques que l'informatique offre. J'ai étudié quelques produits existant sur le marché; je constate que les possibilités offertes par l'informatique restent souvent sous exploitées. Les réalisations manquent de liens hypertextes et la facilité d'accès aux images que permet l'informatique n'est pas appliquée. Les images sont trop souvent présentées avec une légende trop brève, ne soulignant pas les points importants pour le diagnostic. Certains outils ne proposent même pas de diagnostics différentiels. Ma réflexion me pousse à croire que l'apprentissage doit se faire par l'image. L'étudiant doit y apprendre les bases du diagnostic morphologique, trouver ce qui lui permet de poser le diagnostic. Compte tenu de mes observations, j'ai développé à Lausanne mon propre atlas interactif de diagnostics différentiels, basé sur la comparaison d'images. Mon projet n'a donc pas pour but de remplacer un livre ou un atlas, mais je souhaite compléter les moyens d'apprentissage basés sur l'image. Sa particularité tient dans la manière dont on a sélectionné les diagnostics différentiels; mon critère principal n'a pas été un choix théorique, mais la ressemblance entre deux images de ma bibliothèque. Cette manière de procéder m'a forcé à résoudre quelques questions fondamentales à propos des diagnostics différentiels. J'ai prêté une attention particulière à ce que l'utilisateur replace aisément les 850 images dans une structure que j'ai voulue claire. Cela m'a poussé à réfléchir sur la manière dont on aborde la dermatologie: par localisation, d'après les lésions, selon l'âge ou d'après des critères de physiopathologie ? Chaque image est accessible par la table des matières originale, soit par un module de recherche multicritère. Mon produit est personnalisable grâce à la présence de plusieurs outils. "Le Petit Rouvé", première version, est maintenant disponible pour une phase de test. Dans un second temps, l'atlas sera distribué aux étudiants de 4ème et 6ème année de la Faculté de médecine de Lausanne pour la rentrée de 2004-2005.

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OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study and to correlate MVT with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Abdominal portal phase CT was used to examine patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Two experienced abdominal radiologists retrospectively analyzed the images, focusing on the superior and inferior mesenteric vein branches and looking for signs of acute or chronic thrombosis. The location of abnormalities was registered. The presence of MVT was correlated with IBD-related radiologic signs and complications. RESULTS. The cases of 160 patients with IBD (89 women, 71 men; Crohn disease [CD], 121 patients; ulcerative colitis [UC], 39 patients; median age at diagnosis, 27 years for patients with CD, 32 years for patients with UC) were analyzed. MVT was detected in 43 patients with IBD (26.8%). One of these patients had acute MVT; 38, chronic MVT; and four, both. The prevalence of MVT did not differ between CD (35/121 [28.9%]) and UC (8/39 [20.5%]) (p = 0.303). The location of thrombosis was different between CD and UC (CD, jejunal or ileal veins only [p = 0.005]; UC, rectocolic veins only [p = 0.001]). Almost all (41/43) cases of thrombosis were peripheral. MVT in CD patients was more frequently associated with bowel wall thickening (p = 0.013), mesenteric fat hypertrophy (p = 0.005), ascites (p = 0.002), and mesenteric lymph node enlargement (p = 0.036) and was associated with higher rate of bowel stenosis (p < 0.001) and more intestinal IBD-related surgery (p = 0.016) in the outcome. Statistical analyses for patients with UC were not relevant because of the limited population (n = 8). CONCLUSION. MVT is frequently found in patients with IBD. Among patients with CD, MVT is associated with bowel stenosis and CD-related intestinal surgery.

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Airway epithelial cells were shown to drive the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells (DCs) with a suppressive phenotype. In this study, we investigated the impact of virus-induced inflammatory mediator production on the development of DCs. Monocyte differentiation into functional DCs, as reflected by the expression of CD11c, CD123, BDCA-4, and DC-SIGN and the capacity to activate T cells, was similar for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected and mock-infected BEAS-2B and A549 cells. RSV-conditioned culture media resulted in a partially mature DC phenotype, but failed to up-regulate CD80, CD83, CD86, and CCR7, and failed to release proinflammatory mediators upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. Nevertheless, these DCs were able to maintain an antiviral response by the release of Type I IFN. Collectively, these data indicate that the airway epithelium maintains an important suppressive DC phenotype under the inflammatory conditions induced by infection with RSV.

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BACKGROUND: In patients with outer retinal degeneration, a differential pupil response to long wavelength (red) versus short wavelength (blue) light stimulation has been previously observed. The goal of this study was to quantify differences in the pupillary re-dilation following exposure to red versus blue light in patients with outer retinal disease and compare them with patients with optic neuropathy and with healthy subjects. DESIGN: Prospective comparative cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three patients with outer retinal disease, 13 patients with optic neuropathy and 14 normal subjects. METHODS: Subjects were tested using continuous red and blue light stimulation at three intensities (1, 10 and 100 cd/m2) for 13 s per intensity. Pupillary re-dilation dynamics following the brightest intensity was analysed and compared between the three groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The parameters of pupil re-dilation used in this study were: time to recover 90% of baseline size; mean pupil size at early and late phases of re-dilation; and differential re-dilation time for blue versus red light. RESULTS: Patients with outer retinal disease showed a pupil that tended to stay smaller after light termination and thus had a longer time to recovery. The differential re-dilation time was significantly greater in patients with outer retinal disease (median = 28.0 s, P < 0.0001) compared with controls and patients with optic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: A differential response of pupil re-dilation following red versus blue light stimulation is present in patients with outer retinal disease but is not found in normal eyes or among patients with visual loss from optic neuropathy.

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OBJECTIVES: In patients with septic shock, circulating monocytes become refractory to stimulation with microbial products. Whether this hyporesponsive state is induced by infection or is related to shock is unknown. To address this question, we measured TNF alpha production by monocytes or by whole blood obtained from healthy volunteers (controls), from patients with septic shock, from patients with severe infection (bacterial pneumonia) without shock, and from patients with cardiogenic shock without infection. MEASUREMENTS: The numbers of circulating monocytes, of CD14+ monocytes, and the expression of monocyte CD14 and the LPS receptor, were assessed by flow cytometry. Monocytes or whole blood were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), heat-killed Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, and TNF alpha production was measured by bioassay. RESULTS: The number of circulating monocytes, of CD14+ monocytes, and the monocyte CD14 expression were significantly lower in patients with septic shock than in controls, in patients with bacterial pneumonia or in those with cardiogenic shock (p < 0.001). Monocytes or whole blood of patients with septic shock exhibited a profound deficiency of TNF alpha production in response to all stimuli (p < 0.05 compared to controls). Whole blood of patients with cardiogenic shock also exhibited this defect (p < 0.05 compared to controls), although to a lesser extent, despite normal monocyte counts and normal CD14 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike patients with bacterial pneumonia, patients with septic or cardiogenic shock display profoundly defective TNF alpha production in response to a broad range of infectious stimuli. Thus, down-regulation of cytokine production appears to occur in patients with systemic, but not localised, albeit severe, infections and also in patients with non-infectious circulatory failure. Whilst depletion of monocytes and reduced monocyte CD14 expression are likely to be critical components of the hyporesponsiveness observed in patients with septic shock, other as yet unidentified factors are at work in this group and in patients with cardiogenic shock.