Use of terrestrial laser scanning for the characterization of retrogressive landslides in sensitive clay and rotational landslides in river banks

Depuis plus de 10 ans les modèles numériques d'altitude (MNA) produits par technologie de « light detection and ranging » (« LIDAR ») ont fourni de nouveaux outils très utiles pour des études géomorphologiques, particulièrement dans le cas des glissements de terrain. Le balayage laser terrestre (« TLS ») permet une utilisation très souple. Le TLS peut être employé pour la surveillance ou dans des situations d'urgence qui nécessitent une acquisition rapide d'un MNA afin d'évaluer l'aléa. Au travers de trois exemples, nous démontrons l'utilité du TLS pour la quantification de volumes de glissements de terrain, la création de profils et l'analyse de séries temporelles. Ces études de cas sont des glissements de terrain situés dans les argiles sensibles de l'est du Canada (Québec, Canada) ou de petits glissements rotationnels dans les berges d'une rivière (Suisse).

The Same, but Different: Central Banks, Regulatory Agencies, and the Politics of Delegation to Independent Authorities

Independent regulatory agencies are the institutional foundations of the regulatory state that, during the past 15 years, has gained prominence throughout Europe. This article studies the rise of independent authorities in European countries by comparing regulatory agencies and central banks. Delegation to independent central banks and to independent regulatory agencies is similar in many respects. In both cases, agents are deliberately made independent from political principals through a specific institutional design. Moreover, it has been argued that delegation to both central banks and regulatory agencies is linked to the need for policy-makers to improve the credibility of policy commitments, to the wish of incumbent politicians to tie the hands of future majorities, and to the extent to which the institutional contexts safeguard policy stability. Through an analysis of the formal independence of central banks and regulatory agencies in Western Europe, this article identifies an empirical puzzle that casts doubts on the accuracy of current explanations. Veto players and the uncertainty of incumbent policy-makers in respect to their re-election prospects matter for delegation to both central banks and regulatory agencies, but in opposite ways. Making sense of these anomalies is necessary to achieve a better understanding of delegation to independent authorities.

The Regulation of Foreign Banks in Switzerland (1956-1972)

The Swiss financial centre witnessed an important shift during the 1960s: the number of foreign banks and their importance in relation to the domestic banking sector significantly increased. Faced with this rapid development, Swiss bank representatives and political and monetary authorities reacted strongly. This paper investigates the evolution of the regulatory response by Swiss banking policy actors to the proliferation of foreign financial in- stitutions. In 1969, those reactions led to the adoption of a discriminatory regime, setting higher entry barriers for foreign banks than for domestic institutions. After examining possible reasons for the attractiveness of Switzerland to foreign banks, this paper will analyse the concerns and fears of the domestic banking sector and its regulators. In this regard, it appears that issues such as mere competition, preservation of the international reputation of the Swiss banks and anti-inflationary monetary policy were central to the chosen regulatory regime. Moreover, this paper shows that foreign banks were used as scapegoats in the evolution of the Swiss system of banking supervision. They were more tightly regulated, yet the general framework remained very lax.

Ectodysplasin regulates hormone-independent mammary ductal morphogenesis via NF-κB.

Ductal growth of the mammary gland occurs in two distinct stages. The first round of branching morphogenesis occurs during embryogenesis, and the second round commences at the onset of puberty. Currently, relatively little is known about the genetic networks that control the initial phases of ductal expansion, which, unlike pubertal development, proceeds independent of hormonal input in female mice. Here we identify NF-κB downstream of the TNF-like ligand ectodysplasin (Eda) as a unique regulator of embryonic and prepubertal ductal morphogenesis. Loss of Eda, or inhibition of NF-κB, led to smaller ductal trees with fewer branches. On the other hand, overexpression of Eda caused a dramatic NF-κB-dependent phenotype in both female and male mice characterized by precocious and highly increased ductal growth and branching that correlated with enhanced cell proliferation. We have identified several putative transcriptional target genes of Eda/NF-κB, including PTHrP, Wnt10a, and Wnt10b, as well as Egf family ligands amphiregulin and epigen. We developed a mammary bud culture system that allowed us to manipulate mammary development ex vivo and found that recombinant PTHrP, Wnt3A, and Egf family ligands stimulate embryonic branching morphogenesis, suggesting that these pathways may cooperatively mediate the effects of Eda.

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Cultured primary fetal cells from one organ donation could possibly meet the exigent and stringent technical aspects for development of therapeutic products. These cell types have fewer technological limitations for cellular proliferation capacity (simple culture conditions) and maintenance of differentiated phenotype, and they also have low probability for transmission of communicable diseases. Master and Working Cell Banks (MCB, WCB) can be obtained from one fetal organ donation, permitting multiple tissues (skin, bone, cartilage, muscle and intervertebral disc) to be processed in short periods of time with identical methods to assure a stringent tracing of the processes for the production of standardized therapeutic agents. Clinical use of biologics from embryo and fetal tissues is relatively new and current legislation and ethics have some differences between countries to date. In addition, specific cell delivery systems for each tissue type can be adapted to the clinical application. Since it is the intention that banked primary fetal cells enhance the prospective treatment of hundreds of thousands of patients with only one organ donation, it is imperative to show consistency, traceability and safety of the processes including donor tissue selection, cell banking, cell testing and growth of cells in out-scaling for the preparation of bio-engineered products for clinical application.

Data bases for the assessment of medical technologies: examples from Europe.

The assessment of medical technologies has to answer several questions ranging from safety and effectiveness to complex economical, social, and health policy issues. The type of data needed to carry out such evaluation depends on the specific questions to be answered, as well as on the stage of development of a technology. Basically two types of data may be distinguished: (a) general demographic, administrative, or financial data which has been collected not specifically for technology assessment; (b) the data collected with respect either to a specific technology or to a disease or medical problem. On the basis of a pilot inquiry in Europe and bibliographic research, the following categories of type (b) data bases have been identified: registries, clinical data bases, banks of factual and bibliographic knowledge, and expert systems. Examples of each category are discussed briefly. The following aims for further research and practical goals are proposed: criteria for the minimal data set required, improvement to the registries and clinical data banks, and development of an international clearinghouse to enhance information diffusion on both existing data bases and available reports on medical technology assessments.

Gender, family and employment in comparative perspective: the realities and representations of rqual rpportunities in Britain and France

In this paper, we will explore how contrasting national discourses relating to women, and gender equality have been incorporated into and reflected in national policies. In the first section, we will outline the recent history of EU equal opportunities policy, in which positive action has been replaced by a policy of 'mainstreaming'. Second, we will describe the evolution of policies towards women and equal opportunities in Britain and France. It will be argued that whereas some degree of positive action for women has been accepted in Britain, this policy is somewhat alien to French thinking about equality - although pro-natalist French policies have resulted in favourable conditions for employed mothers in France. In the third section, we will present some attitudinal evidence, drawn from national surveys, which would appear to reflect the national policy differences we have identified in respect of the 'equality agenda'. In the fourth section, we will draw upon biographical interviews carried out with men and women in British and French banks in order to illustrate the impact of these cross-national differences within organizations and on individual lives. We demonstrate that positive action gender equality policies have made an important impact in British banks, while overt gender exclusionary practices still persist in the French banks studied. In the conclusion, we reflect on the European policy implications of our findings.

Testing advances in molecular discrimination among Chinook salmon life histories: evidence from a blind test.

The application of DNA-based markers toward the task of discriminating among alternate salmon runs has evolved in accordance with ongoing genomic developments and increasingly has enabled resolution of which genetic markers associate with important life-history differences. Accurate and efficient identification of the most likely origin for salmon encountered during ocean fisheries, or at salvage from fresh water diversion and monitoring facilities, has far-reaching consequences for improving measures for management, restoration and conservation. Near-real-time provision of high-resolution identity information enables prompt response to changes in encounter rates. We thus continue to develop new tools to provide the greatest statistical power for run identification. As a proof of concept for genetic identification improvements, we conducted simulation and blind tests for 623 known-origin Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to compare and contrast the accuracy of different population sampling baselines and microsatellite loci panels. This test included 35 microsatellite loci (1266 alleles), some known to be associated with specific coding regions of functional significance, such as the circadian rhythm cryptochrome genes, and others not known to be associated with any functional importance. The identification of fall run with unprecedented accuracy was demonstrated. Overall, the top performing panel and baseline (HMSC21) were predicted to have a success rate of 98%, but the blind-test success rate was 84%. Findings for bias or non-bias are discussed to target primary areas for further research and resolution.

Cellular Derivatives and Efficacy in Wound and Scar Management

Biologicals have been used for decades in biopharmaceutical topical preparations. Because cellular therapies are rou-tinely used in the clinic they have gained significant attention. Different derivatives are possible from different cell and tissue sources, making the selection of cell types and establishment of consistent cell banks crucial steps in the initial whole-cell bioprocessing. Various cell and tissue types have been used in treatment of skin wounds including autolo-gous and allogenic skin cells, platelets, placenta and amniotic extracts from either human or animal sources. Experience with progenitor cells show that they may provide an interesting cell choice due to facility of out-scaling and known properties for wound healing without scar. Using defined animal cell lines to develop cell-free derivatives may provide initial starting material for pharmaceutical formulations that help in overall stability. Cell lines derived from ovine tis-sue (skin, muscle, connective tissue) can be developed in short periods of time and consistency of these cell lines was monitored by cellular life-span, protein concentrations, stability and activity. Each cell line had long culture periods up to 37 - 41 passages and protein measures for each cell line at passages 2 - 15 had only 1.4-fold maximal difference. Growth stimulation activity towards two target skin cell lines (GM01717 and CRL-1221; 40 year old human males) at concentrations ranging up to 6 μg/ml showed 2-3-fold (single extracts) and 3-7-fold (co-cultured extracts) increase. Proteins from co-culture remained stable up to 1 year in pharmaceutical preparations shown by separation on SDS- PAGE gels. Pharmaceutical cell-free preparations were used for veterinary and human wounds and burns. Cell lines and cell-free extracts can show remarkable consistency and stability for preparation of biopharmaceutical creams, moreover when cells are co-cultured, and have positive effects for tissue repair.

Role of estrogen receptor signaling in mammary gland development

Abstract : Breast cancer incidence rates have increased over the past hundred years, in particular, in Western industrial countries and they continue to rise worldwide. Breast cancer risk has been linked to life exposure to endogenous and exogenous estrogens, and there is increasing concern that exposure to endocrine disruptors which are increasingly accumulating in our environment may also have a role. Using the mouse as model, I have analyzed the physiological role of estrogen signaling in mammary gland development. I have shown that estrogen signaling through the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the mammary epithelium is required for ductal morphogenesis during puberty. Moreover, I have demonstrated that estrogens induce proliferation of mammary epithelial cells through a paracrine mechanism. The presence of estrogen signaling is essential cell intrinsically via ERα or ERβ for the terminal differentiation into milk secreting cells during pregnancy. Furthermore, I have examined how perinatal exposure to the estrogenic plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) found ubiquitously in consumer goods such as baby bottles formula and beverage containers affects the normal mammary gland development and possibly predispose the mammary gland to tumorigenesis. I have found that C57b16 mice that were exposed, via their drinking water, to several BPA doses ranging from 0.025µg/kg/day to 250µg/kg/day exhibits delayed terminal end bud formation and consequently the ductal outgrowth. Later in life, the mice that were exposed in utero to BPA displayed an increased number of mammary epithelial cells. Acute exposure of 3-week-old mice to BPA can alter gene expression levels of an important estrogen target gene, amphiregulin. Taken together these data are compatible with a scenario in which perinatal BPA exposure may alter mammary gland development by affecting developmental signaling pathways. Résumé : Les taux d'incidence des cancers du sein ont augmenté au cours des cent dernières années en particulier dans les pays industriels occidentaux et ils continuent d'augmenter dans le monde entier. Le risque du cancer du sein a été corrélé à l'exposition au cours de la vie aux oestrogènes endogènes et exogènes. Il y a une préoccupation croissante concernant l'exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens qui ne cessent de s'accumulent dans notre environnement et qui peuvent également avoir un rôle dans l'augmentation des cancers du sein. En utilisant le modèle de souris, j'ai analysé le rôle physiologique de la voie de signalisation à l'oestrogène dans le développement mammaire. J'ai prouvé que l'oestrogène par l'intermédiaire de son récepteur alpha (ERα) est indispensable dans l'épithélium pour la morphogénèse du système canalaire pendant la puberté. De plus, j'ai démontré que les oestrogènes induisent la prolifération des cellules épithéliales mammaires par un mécanisme paracrine. La présence de la voie de signalisation à l'oestrogène est essentielle de manière intrinsèque à la cellule par l'intermédiaire d'ERα ou ERβ pour la différentiation terminale des cellules épithéliales en cellules sécrétrices de lait pendant la grossesse. En outre, j'ai examiné comment l'exposition périnatale au bisphénol A (BPA), un plastifiant présentant des propriétés ostrogéniques et omniprésent dans divers produits d'usage courant tels que les biberons des bébés et les récipients en plastique, affecte le développement de la glande mammaire et prédispose probablement celle-ci à la tumorigénèse. J'ai constaté que l'exposition périnatale à BPA retarde la formation des bourgeons terminaux et par conséquent la croissance du système canalaire. Plus tard dans la vie, les souris qui ont été exposées dans l'utérus au BPA ont montré un plus grand nombre de cellules épithéliales mammaires. L'exposition aiguë de souris âgées de 3 semaines au BPA perturbe le niveau d'expression d'un gène cible important de l'oestrogène, l'amphiregulin. Ces données sont compatibles avec un scénario dans lequel l'exposition périnatale au BPA peut changer le développement de la glande mammaire en affectant des voies de signalisation développementales.