Spatial pattern and process at the plant neighbourhood scale: insights from communities dominated by the clonal grass Elymus repens (L.) Gould.

Question: How do clonal traits of a locally dominant grass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould.) respond to soil heterogeneity and shape spatial patterns of its tillers? How do tiller spatial patterns constrain seedling recruitment within the community?Locations: Artificial banks of the River Rhone, France.Material and Methods: We examined 45 vegetation patches dominated by Elymus repens. During a first phase we tested relationships between soil variables and three clonal traits (spacer length, number of clumping tillers and branching rate), and between the same clonal traits and spatial patterns (i.e. density and degree of spatial aggregation) of tillers at a very fine scale. During a second phase, we performed a sowing experiment to investigate effects of density and spatial patterns of E. repens on recruitment of eight species selected from the regional species pool.Results: Clonal traits had clear effects - especially spacer length - on densification and aggregation of E. repens tillers and, at the same time, a clear response of these same clonal traits as soil granulometry changed. The density and degree of aggregation of E. repens tillers was positively correlated to total seedling cover and diversity at the finest spatial scales.Conclusions: Spatial patterning of a dominant perennial grass responds to soil heterogeneity through modifications of its clonal morphology as a trade-off between phalanx and guerrilla forms. In turn, spatial patterns have strong effects on abundance and diversity of seedlings. Spatial patterns of tillers most probably led to formation of endogenous gaps in which the recruitment of new plant individuals was enhanced. Interestingly, we also observed more idiosyncratic effects of tiller spatial patterns on seedling cover and diversity when focusing on different growth forms of the sown species.

Dubbing. Die Übersetzung im Kino / La traduction audiovisuelle

Dubbing rassemble une série d'études inédites en langue française ou allemande menées par des chercheurs et chercheuses qui se sont penchés sur les rapports entre le mot écrit ou parlé et les images animées, en particulier dans le cas de la traduction. Les questions de l'adaptation d'un film à un nouveau public-cible sont envisagées dans l'histoire du cinéma et des discours sur le doublage dans une perspective historiographique et à partir de corpus variés, du néo-réalisme italien (La Terra Trema distribué en France) aux productions japonaises récentes (anime, jeux vidéo) en passant par la Nouvelle Vague (A bout de souffle « censuré » dans sa version italienne, la voix over chez Truffaut ou Resnais). Un accent tout particulier est mis sur les premières années de la généralisation du parlant, à l'époque des « versions multiples » (telles que la version anglaise de Der Blaue Engel de Sternberg et la version française de M de Fritz Lang) et des films polyglottes (Kameradschaft de Pabst) ; à travers des études fouillées, ces films hybrides sont discutés dans leur contexte historique. Le cinéma de la modernité (Godard, Straub et Huillet) est quant à lui repensé dans sa manière d'intégrer le texte écrit et comparé sur ce point à la pratique usuelle du sous-titrage. Au-delà de l'analyse filmique, les études offrent un cadre théorique permettant de nourrir la réflexion sur les rapports entre texte et image, corps et voix dans les médias, et sur la pratique de l'adaptation audiovisuelle. Situé au croisement des aires linguistiques et des champs académiques (traductologie et histoire du cinéma), Dubbing livre une contribution originale à l'étude de l'un des facteurs importants de la diffusion des films.

Mutation in the gene for connexin 30.3 in a family with erythrokeratodermia variabilis.

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) is an autosomal dominant keratinization disorder characterized by migratory erythematous lesions and fixed keratotic plaques. All families with EKV show mapping to chromosome 1p34-p35, and mutations in the gene for connexin 31 (Cx31) have been reported in some but not all families. We studied eight affected and three healthy subjects in an Israeli family, of Kurdish origin, with EKV. After having mapped the disorder to chromosome 1p34-p35, we found no mutations in the genes for Cx31, Cx31.1, and Cx37. Further investigation revealed a heterozygous T-->C transition leading to the missense mutation (F137L) in the human gene for Cx30.3 that colocalizes on chromosome 1p34-p35. This nucleotide change cosegregated with the disease and was not found in 200 alleles from normal individuals. This mutation concerns a highly conserved phenylalanine, in the third transmembrane region of the Cx30.3 molecule, known to be implicated in the wall formation of the gap-junction pore. Our results show that mutations in the gene for Cx30.3 can be causally involved in EKV and point to genetic heterogeneity of this disorder. Furthermore, we suggest that our family presents a new type of EKV because of the hitherto unreported association with erythema gyratum repens.