L'anthropologie clinique au carrefour des psychothérapies

Dans le contexte de morcellement du champ psychothérapeutique, la tendance à la spécialisation technique, ainsi qu'à la disqualification mutuelle des différents courants, fait parfois oublier l'objet même de la psychothérapie, à savoir, l'être humain en souffrance. Plus que jamais, il apparaît donc nécessaire, pour le devenir d'une psychothérapie à visage humain, que tout thérapeute prenne conscience de la portée et de la limite de l'approche à laquelle il prête obédience, relativement aux autres courants : il est ainsi invité au double travail de clarification épistémologique sur les présupposés implicites à sa théorie et méthode, et de distanciation affective à l'égard du courant théorique auquel il est rattaché. L'anthropologie clinique d'inspiration phénoménologique apporte les outils indispensables à un tel travail.

Que faire du couple local/global ? Pour une anthropologie pleinement processuelle

This article examines the uses of the local/global dichotomy in anthropology. It is argued that the use of these terms as analytical tools tends to lead to a reification of "global forces" seen as external to the local site where the ethnographic study takes place. To avoid endless debates on whether or not the "global" can be the object of ethnographic scrutiny, anthropologists should treat the local and the global as scalar properties of social systems that are generated in the course of historical processes.

Face à la fragmentation des savoirs et des pratiques : l'apport de l'anthropologie clinique

Dans notre société caractérisée par l'« individualisme démocratique », on assiste à un développement effréné de savoirs et de pratiques, qui menace le lien social. Le monde de la science n'y échappe pas : construction de disciplines hyperspécialisées, revendiquant un territoire et une reconnaissance toujours plus difficiles à obtenir.L'anthropologie clinique, en particulier d'inspiration phénoménologique, se veut - au plus près de son étymologie - une pensée sur la pratique des soins auprès de l'homme en souffrance. Sa visée : d'une part, réinscrire une clinique des fonctions de l'organisme dans une clinique du sujet humain incarné dans son monde quotidien et, d'autre part, proposer une méthode (la réduction phénoménologique) dans le but de dégager la vision de l'homme toujours très partielle que véhicule tout modèle scientifique.L'anthropologie clinique peut-elle ainsi contribuer à l'échange entre praticiens habitant des mondes séparés ?

Modified 'dumbbell' technique: a simple and intuitive method to position balloon-expandable stent valves.

Intraoperative cardiac imaging plays a key role during transcatheter aortic valve replacement. In recent years, new techniques and new tools for improved image quality and virtual navigation have been proposed, in order to simplify and standardize stent valve positioning and implantation. But routine performance of the new techniques may require major economic investments or specific knowledge and skills and, for this reason, they may not be accessible to the majority of cardiac centres involved in transcatheter valve replacement projects. Additionally, they still require injections of contrast medium to obtain computed images. Therefore, we have developed and describe here a very simple and intuitive method of positioning balloon-expandable stent valves, which represents the evolution of the 'dumbbell' technique for echocardiography-guided transcatheter valve replacement without angiography. This method, based on the partial inflation of the balloon catheter during positioning, traps the crimped valve in the aortic valve orifice and, consequently, very near to the ideal landing zone. It does not require specific echocardiographic knowledge; it does not require angiographies that increase the risk of postoperative kidney failure in elderly patients, and it can be also performed in centres not equipped with a hybrid operating room.

Computer-assisted placement technique in hip resurfacing arthroplasty: improvement in accuracy?

Freehand positioning of the femoral drill guide is difficult during hip resurfacing and the surgeon is often unsure of the implant position achieved peroperatively. The purpose of this study was to find out whether, by using a navigation system, acetabular and femoral component positioning could be made easier and more precise. Eighteen patients operated on by the same surgeon were matched by sex, age, BMI, diagnosis and ASA score (nine patients with computer assistance, nine with the regular ancillary). Pre-operative planning was done on standard AP and axial radiographs with CT scan views for the computer-assisted operations. The final position of implants was evaluated by the same radiographs for all patients. The follow-up was at least 1 year. No difference between both groups in terms of femoral component position was observed (p > 0.05). There was also no difference in femoral notching. A trend for a better cup position was observed for the navigated hips, especially for cup anteversion. There was no additional operating time for the navigated hips. Hip navigation for resurfacing surgery may allow improved visualisation and hip implant positioning, but its advantage probably will be more obvious with mini-incisions than with regular incision surgery.

Die Inguinal-Hernienplastik nach Lichtenstein: Eine einfache und komplikationsarme Technik, besonders geeignet für die Tageschirurgie [The Lichtenstein inguinal hernia-plasty: a simple and complication-free technique, especially suited for ambulatory surgery].

A consecutive series of 353 patients who underwent Lichtenstein mesh repair for inguinal hernia from the 1st of July 1994 to the 30th of July 1995 were studied. We analysed our indication, technique, complications, follow-up and outcome. Special consideration was given to the advantages and acceptance of day-case surgery. Our results suggest that the Lichtenstein repair should be considered as a new standard procedure, especially outside of hernia centres.