Complex landslide behaviour and structural controlled by the structures: A 3D conceptual model example of Åknes rockslide, Norway

Åknes is an active complex large rockslide of approximately 30?40 Mm3 located within the Proterozoic gneisses of western Norway. The observed surface displacements indicate that this rockslide is divided into several blocks moving in different directions at velocities of between 3 and 10 cm year?1. Because of regional safety issues and economic interests this rockslide has been extensively monitored since 2004. The understanding of the deformation mechanism is crucial for the implementation of a viable monitoring system. Detailed field investigations and the analysis of a digital elevation model (DEM) indicate that the movements and the block geometry are controlled by the main schistosity (S1) in gneisses, folds, joints and regional faults. Such complex slope deformations use pre-existing structures, but also result in new failure surfaces and deformation zones, like preferential rupture in fold-hinge zones. Our interpretation provides a consistent conceptual three-dimensional (3D) model for the movements measured by various methods that is crucial for numerical stability modelling. In addition, this reinterpretation of the morphology confirms that in the past several rockslides occurred from the Åknes slope. They may be related to scars propagating along the vertical foliation in folds hinges. Finally, a model of the evolution of the Åknes slope is presented.

Cómo leer los relatos bíblicos. Iniciación al análisis narrativo

La Biblia es uno de los más fabulosos tesoros de historia(s) de la humanidad, pues desde la noche de los tiempos los creyentes relatan. Pero no lo hacen de cualquier manera. Largamente elaborados en su etapa oral, pacientemente redactados, los relatos bíblicos obedecen a unas sutiles reglas de composición. Tras las historias aparentemente ingenuas se esconde la fina estrategia de un narrador. El libro de Daniel Marguerat e Yvan Bourquin -el primer manual de iniciación al análisis narrativo publicado en español- conduce al lector por los entresijos del relato bíblico para observar su construcción. Este descubrimiento de la arquitectura oculta de los textos lleva a plantearse de manera nueva su significación. Con gran claridad pedagógica, los autores han dispuesto un recorrido que permite descubrir los instrumentos del análisis narrativo, estudiar su aplicación y evaluar su eficacia. Toda la magia de la lectura queda con ello iluminada.

A conceptual framework to assess the effectiveness of HIV prevention

Aim: The relative effectiveness of different methods of prevention of HIV transmission is a subject of debate that is renewed with the integration of each new method. The relative weight of values and evidence in decision-making is not always clearly defined. Debate is often confused, as the proponents of different approaches address the issue at different levels of implementation. This paper defines and delineates the successive levels of analysis of effectiveness, and proposes a conceptual framework to clarify debate. Method / Issue: Initially inspired from work on contraceptive effectiveness, a first version of the conceptual framework was published in 1993 with definition of the Condom Effectiveness Matrix (Spencer, 1993). The framework has since integrated and further developed thinking around distinctions made between efficacy and effectiveness and has been applied to HIV prevention in general. Three levels are defined: theoretical effectiveness (ThE), use-effectiveness (UseE) and population use-effectiveness (PopUseE). For example, abstinence and faithfulness, as proposed in the ABC strategy, have relatively high theoretical effectiveness but relatively low effectiveness at subsequent levels of implementation. The reverse is true of circumcision. Each level is associated with specific forms of scientific enquiry and associated research questions: basic and clinical sciences with ThE; clinical and social sciences with UseE; epidemiology and social, economic and political sciences with PopUseE. Similarly, the focus of investigation moves from biological organisms, to the individual at the physiological and then psychological, social and ecological level, and finally takes as perspective populations and societies as a whole. The framework may be applied to analyse issues on any approach. Hence, regarding consideration of HIV treatment as a means of prevention, examples of issues at each level would be: ThE: achieving adequate viral suppression and non-transmission to partners; UseE: facility and degree of adherence to treatment and medical follow-up; PopUseE: perceived validity of strategy, feasibility of achieving adequate population coverage. Discussion: Use of the framework clarifies the questions that need to be addressed at all levels in order to improve effectiveness. Furthermore, the interconnectedness and complementary nature of research from the different scientific disciplines and the relative contribution of each become apparent. The proposed framework could bring greater rationality to the prevention effectiveness debate and facilitate communication between stakeholders.

Ambulatory healthcare information system: a conceptual framework

Despite the tremendous amount of data collected in the field of ambulatory care, political authorities still lack synthetic indicators to provide them with a global view of health services utilization and costs related to various types of diseases. Moreover, public health indicators fail to provide useful information for physicians' accountability purposes. The approach is based on the Swiss context, which is characterized by the greatest frequency of medical visits in Europe, the highest rate of growth for care expenditure, poor public information but a lot of structured data (new fee system introduced in 2004). The proposed conceptual framework is universal and based on descriptors of six entities: general population, people with poor health, patients, services, resources and effects. We show that most conceptual shortcomings can be overcome and that the proposed indicators can be achieved without threatening privacy protection, using modern cryptographic techniques. Twelve indicators are suggested for the surveillance of the ambulatory care system, almost all based on routinely available data: morbidity, accessibility, relevancy, adequacy, productivity, efficacy (from the points of view of the population, people with poor health, and patients), effectiveness, efficiency, health services coverage and financing. The additional costs of this surveillance system should not exceed Euro 2 million per year (Euro 0.3 per capita).

"Pa'que veas que te pido perdón en delante toda España" : pragmalingüística y análisis del discurso en los diálogos del talk show televisivo "Diario de Patricia" (2001-2011) : aproximaciones teóricas y análisis

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la Pragmalinguistique et d'Analyse du discours oral et offre une étude approfondie d'un talk show télévisuel espagnol, Diario de Patricia, format dans lequel la présentatrice du même nom reçoit des invités pour parler avec eux de leurs problèmes personnels. Ce travail propose une relecture de grandes théories pragmatiques (comme la Théorie des actes du langage, le Principe de coopération, la Théorie de la politesse ou encore la Théorie de la pertinence) et leur application à des discours réels. Les principes de la linguistique de l'interaction permettent également de décrire l'organisation des talk shows, les stratégies discursives de la présentatrice, la façon dont elle prépare chaque émission et planifie les interviews avec ses invités afin de provoquer chez ceux-ci des réactions émotionnelles qui l'intéressent en vue du taux d'audience. Ce travail de recherche présente également une analyse approfondie des mécanismes pragmalinguistiques utilisés par la présentatrice pour imposer son autorité et pour maîtriser la situation d'une façon que l'auteure qualifie de manipulation des invités, toujours sous une apparence d'empathie et de compréhension.

Conceptual models for designing information systems supporting the strategic analysis of technology environments

1 6 STRUCTURE OF THIS THESIS -Chapter I presents the motivations of this dissertation by illustrating two gaps in the current body of knowledge that are worth filling, describes the research problem addressed by this thesis and presents the research methodology used to achieve this goal. -Chapter 2 shows a review of the existing literature showing that environment analysis is a vital strategic task, that it shall be supported by adapted information systems, and that there is thus a need for developing a conceptual model of the environment that provides a reference framework for better integrating the various existing methods and a more formal definition of the various aspect to support the development of suitable tools. -Chapter 3 proposes a conceptual model that specifies the various enviromnental aspects that are relevant for strategic decision making, how they relate to each other, and ,defines them in a more formal way that is more suited for information systems development. -Chapter 4 is dedicated to the evaluation of the proposed model on the basis of its application to a concrete environment to evaluate its suitability to describe the current conditions and potential evolution of a real environment and get an idea of its usefulness. -Chapter 5 goes a step further by assembling a toolbox describing a set of methods that can be used to analyze the various environmental aspects put forward by the model and by providing more detailed specifications for a number of them to show how our model can be used to facilitate their implementation as software tools. -Chapter 6 describes a prototype of a strategic decision support tool that allow the analysis of some of the aspects of the environment that are not well supported by existing tools and namely to analyze the relationship between multiple actors and issues. The usefulness of this prototype is evaluated on the basis of its application to a concrete environment. -Chapter 7 finally concludes this thesis by making a summary of its various contributions and by proposing further interesting research directions.

Conceptual framework and pilot study to benchmark phylogenomic databases based on reference gene trees.

Phylogenomic databases provide orthology predictions for species with fully sequenced genomes. Although the goal seems well-defined, the content of these databases differs greatly. Seven ortholog databases (Ensembl Compara, eggNOG, HOGENOM, InParanoid, OMA, OrthoDB, Panther) were compared on the basis of reference trees. For three well-conserved protein families, we observed a generally high specificity of orthology assignments for these databases. We show that differences in the completeness of predicted gene relationships and in the phylogenetic information are, for the great majority, not due to the methods used, but to differences in the underlying database concepts. According to our metrics, none of the databases provides a fully correct and comprehensive protein classification. Our results provide a framework for meaningful and systematic comparisons of phylogenomic databases. In the future, a sustainable set of 'Gold standard' phylogenetic trees could provide a robust method for phylogenomic databases to assess their current quality status, measure changes following new database releases and diagnose improvements subsequent to an upgrade of the analysis procedure.

La geografía en los relatos de viajes castellanos del ocaso de la Edad Media : análisis del discurso y léxico

Résumé Le travail poursuit un triple objectif: A) présenter la place qu'occupe la géographie physique et la géographie urbaine dans un corpus de cinq récits de voyages castillans de la fin du Moyen-Age, en se centrant particulièrement sur le relief, les eaux continentales, les mers, les côtes, le climat, la végétation, la faune et les villes; B) analyser les ressources discursives dont se servent les rédacteurs pour transmettre ces contenus; C) et réunir le lexique géographique des textes, en l'organisant autour des thématiques mentionnées, en définissant les mots et en faisant ressortir leur valeur dans le contexte discursif. L'étude est introduite par une analyse de la situation communicative dans laquelle se forgent les récits du corpus: contexte historique, social, culturel et textuel, d'une part; identité des voyageurs- rédacteurs, identité des destinataires, et objectifs divers aussi bien des voyages que de leur mise en écriture, d'autre part. De cette analyse ressortent quelques intentions et préoccupations communes aux voyageurs-rédacteurs qui pourraient se résumer en: A) une conscience de la difficulté du voyage; B) une conscience de réaliser un mouvement vers un monde éloigné et étrange; C) une volonté de transmettre des connaissances sur le monde; D) un désir de présenter ce qu'ils racontent comme le fruit d'une expérience vécue et de le faire avec véracité. L'analyse introductoire montre également que cette approche du voyage et la conception du récit qui en découle déterminent le choix de certains contenus géographiques et une façon précise d'exposer l'expérience du voyage: les textes transmettent des connaissances sur le monde et construisent un discours informatif sur l'espace, tout en décrivant un univers étrange et en insistant sur leur caractère testimonial. Le corps du travail est articulé en trois parties. Le premier volet permet de faire émerger la place réservée à la géographie, surtout physique, dans les récits. Il dévoile l'intérêt naissant manifesté par les voyageurs-rédacteurs pour la géographie physique et témoigne de la typologie diversifiée des descriptions urbaines. Il éclaire également le rapport intime liant les thématiques privilégiées dans les textes, les intérêts des rédacteurs et de leur public, et les objectifs de chaque récit. La géographie transmise est non-livresque, issue de l'expérience et, par conséquent, partielle. Le deuxième volet montre le fonctionnement d'une description qui est porteuse d'informations sur l'espace et qui véhicule des savoirs sur le monde, en particulier sur le monde inconnu. Les opérations de nommer, mesurer et adjectiver l'espace parcouru, en le comparant ensuite à l'espace connu sont analysées en détail. Cette partie du travail met en exergue les connaissances, les croyances et les valeurs partagées entre rédacteurs et récepteurs sur lesquelles se construit un discours destiné à transmettre de nouveaux savoirs sur le monde. Les textes se présentent, en outre, comme un témoignage basé sur l'expérience des voyageurs: l'importance de l'information acquise par l'ouïe porte les rédacteurs à incorporer dans leurs récits de nombreuses voix qui racontent le monde et fait du discours géographique un discours clairement polyphonique. Enfin, le troisième volet réunit pour la première fois le lexique géographique castillan en usage à la fin du Moyen-Âge. Procédant de textes rédigés par des non spécialistes, il nous permet d'évaluer les connaissances géographiques d'un homme de l'époque et inclut définitions, exemples d'usage des mots en contexte, données étymologiques, diachroniques, morphosyntaxiques, sémantiques et encyclopédiques. Dans son ensemble, la thèse témoigne de l'intérêt d'une approche des récits de voyage par le triple axe thématique, discursif et lexical.

Malaria vaccines - The long synthetic peptide approach: Technical and conceptual advancements.

This review describes the advances in malaria antigen discovery and vaccine development using the long synthetic peptide platforms that have been made available during the past 5 years. The most recent technical developments regarding peptide synthesis with the optimized production of large synthetic fragments are discussed. Clinical trials of long synthetic peptides are also reviewed. These trials demonstrated that long synthetic peptides are safe and immunogenic when formulated with various adjuvants. In addition, long synthetic peptides can elicit an antibody response in humans and have demonstrated inhibitory activity against parasite growth in vitro. Finally, new approaches to exploit the abundance of genomic data and the flexibility and speed of peptide synthesis are proposed.

Toward a Statistically Robust Assessment of Social and Solidarity Economy Actors. Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation

Many definitions and debates exist about the core characteristics of social and solidarity economy (SSE) and its actors. Among others, legal forms, profit, geographical scope, and size as criteria for identifying SSE actors often reveal dissents among SSE scholars. Instead of using a dichotomous, either-in-or-out definition of SSE actors, this paper presents an assessment tool that takes into account multiple dimensions to offer a more comprehensive and nuanced view of the field. We first define the core dimensions of the assessment tool by synthesizing the multiple indicators found in the literature. We then empirically test these dimensions and their interrelatedness and seek to identify potential clusters of actors. Finally we discuss the practical implications of our model.

Hacia un modelo de análisis de políticas públicas operativ : Un enfoque basado en los actores, sus recursos y las instituciones

Towards an operative analysis of public policies: An approach focused on actors, resources and institutions. This article develops an analytical model which is centred on the individual and collective behaviour of actors involved during different stages of public policy. We postulate that the content and institutional characteristics of public action (dependent variable) are the result of interactions between political-administrative authorities, on the one hand, and, on the other, social groups which cause or suffer the negative effects of a collective problem which public action attempts to resolve (independent variables). The 'game' of the actors depends not only on their particular interests, but also on their resources (money, time, consensus, organization, rights, infrastructure, information, personnel, strength, political support) which they are able to exploit to defend their positions, as well as on the institutional rules which frame these policy games.