Pathogenèse du cancer de l'endomètre de type I : de l'hyperplasie au cancer [Pathogenesis of type I endometrial carcinoma: From hyperplasia to cancer]

Les carcinomes de l'endomètre sont classés en deux types cliniques (types I et II), cinq types histologiques et quatre types moléculaires. Le type I correspond à l'adénocarcinome endométrioïde de grade 1 ou 2, précédé par des lésions d'hyperplasie atypique. Ce cancer est souvent révélé à un stade précoce par des saignements vaginaux postménopausiques et son pronostic est globalement favorable. Les facteurs de risque à l'origine de la majorité des cas (indice de masse corporelle [IMC] élevé, diabète de type II, traitement hormonal substitutif, tamoxifène) agissent par le biais d'une hyperestrogénie non contrecarrée par la progestérone. Moins de 5 % des cas surviennent dans le contexte d'un syndrome de Lynch (anomalie germinale d'un gène de réparation de l'ADN, à transmission autosomique dominante) chez des femmes plus jeunes dont l'IMC est typiquement bas. Les cancers de l'endomètre de type II (carcinomes séreux, à cellules claires, indifférenciés), plus rares, sont des tumeurs agressives diagnostiquées typiquement chez des femmes plus âgées et à un stade plus avancé, de pronostic défavorable.

A novel gene expression signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for early detection of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and treatment of colorectal adenomatous polyps (AP) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with decreased mortality for CRC. However, accurate, non-invasive and compliant tests to screen for AP and early stages of CRC are not yet available. A blood-based screening test is highly attractive due to limited invasiveness and high acceptance rate among patients. AIM: To demonstrate whether gene expression signatures in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were able to detect the presence of AP and early stages CRC. METHODS: A total of 85 PBMC samples derived from colonoscopy-verified subjects without lesion (controls) (n = 41), with AP (n = 21) or with CRC (n = 23) were used as training sets. A 42-gene panel for CRC and AP discrimination, including genes identified by Digital Gene Expression-tag profiling of PBMC, and genes previously characterised and reported in the literature, was validated on the training set by qPCR. Logistic regression analysis followed by bootstrap validation determined CRC- and AP-specific classifiers, which discriminate patients with CRC and AP from controls. RESULTS: The CRC and AP classifiers were able to detect CRC with a sensitivity of 78% and AP with a sensitivity of 46% respectively. Both classifiers had a specificity of 92% with very low false-positive detection when applied on subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (n = 23) or tumours other than CRC (n = 14). CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrates the potential of developing a minimally invasive, accurate test to screen patients at average risk for colorectal cancer, based on gene expression analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from a simple blood sample.

Trapping of naive lymphocytes triggers rapid growth and remodeling of the fibroblast network in reactive murine lymph nodes.

Adaptive immunity is initiated in T-cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs. These zones are organized in a rigid 3D network of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) that are a rich cytokine source. In response to lymph-borne antigens, draining lymph nodes (LNs) expand several folds in size, but the fate and role of the FRC network during immune response is not fully understood. Here we show that T-cell responses are accompanied by the rapid activation and growth of FRCs, leading to an expanded but similarly organized network of T-zone FRCs that maintains its vital function for lymphocyte trafficking and survival. In addition, new FRC-rich environments were observed in the expanded medullary cords. FRCs are activated within hours after the onset of inflammation in the periphery. Surprisingly, FRC expansion depends mainly on trapping of naïve lymphocytes that is induced by both migratory and resident dendritic cells. Inflammatory signals are not required as homeostatic T-cell proliferation was sufficient to trigger FRC expansion. Activated lymphocytes are also dispensable for this process, but can enhance the later growth phase. Thus, this study documents the surprising plasticity as well as the complex regulation of FRC networks allowing the rapid LN hyperplasia that is critical for mounting efficient adaptive immunity.