Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis and Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis.

Drugs are a rare cause of pancreatitis. Whereas some drugs are well known to induce an attack of pancreatitis, some people may be more prone to develop pancreatitis because of personal susceptibility. We describe a recurrent case of acute pancreatitis after administration of several drugs in a patient with intestinal inflammatory bowel disease that needed to be treated with subsequent antiinflammatory agents. Genetic mutation in the CFTR gene was found in the patient that led us to postulate that CFTR was a trigger for drug-induced acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, genetic analysis should be advised in case of recurrent pancreatitis in patient with intestinal inflammatory bowel disease.

Performances et défaillances du sujet cérébral : regard anthropologique sur la plasticité cérébrale, les neurosciences et la clinique de la dégénérescence cognitive

Introduction 1.1 Le sujet cérébral, rencontre entre le biologique et le social L'objectif de ce travail est d'éclairer une des voies par lesquelles le phénomène anthropologique de l'individualité prend corps au sein de l'environnement contemporain. L'individualisme est compris comme les divers processus par lesquels la détermination du sujet tend à s'autonomiser des appartenances préconstituées. Il est la forme sociologique qui gouverne la façon contemporaine de faire société depuis l'avènement de la «modernité ». Le choix de l'angle de la cérébralité pour aborder la question de recherche repose sur le postulat qu'une des particularités culturelles de la figure du sujet individuel contemporain est la tendance à attribuer aux mécanismes cérébraux le rôle déterminant dans la constitution de la subjectivité du sujet. Dès lors, si aujourd'hui, penser le cerveau c'est penser l'humain, il s'agit d'un phénomène anthropologique qui demande à être explicité. Il m'appartient de démontrer que le champ des neurosciences se profile comme révélateur privilégié pour observer comment penser l'individualité concorde avec l'établissement de vérités relatives au cérébral' . Faire l'anthropologie du proche et de l'actuel a ses intérêts mais comporte aussi des risques. La perte de ce qui faisait le moteur de la recherche anthropologique -l'altérité donnée des sujets de son observation - a été compensée par l'émergence de nouveaux objets de travail et par des reconfigurations des rapports que l'anthropologue entretient avec son terrain. Le renouvellement du cadre de réflexion opéré par l'anthropologie au cours du siècle écoulé suit les transformations des pratiques sociales, culturelles et économiques qui s'opèrent au niveau mondial. L'échelle désormais planétaire de la circulation des acteurs sociaux et des objets de savoir a forcé la discipline à revoir la grille de lecture qui a longtemps opposé sociétés traditionnelles à sociétés modernes. La prise de conscience de la caducité du grand partage a engagé les anthropologues à s'intéresser à des phénomènes en rapport avec des problèmes rencontrés au sein de leur propre collectif et, dans le même mouvement, les a amenée à repenser les articulations entre le global et le local, le particulier et l'universel. Le bouleversement heuristique généré par ce repositionnement n'est toutefois pas exempt de nouvelles difficultés pour la recherche ethnographique. En se posant le défi d'étudier des traits culturels propres à sa société d'appartenance, l'anthropologie s'ouvre à des terrains enquête sur la façon dont, dans le monde occidental, le constat toujours plus pesant de la discordance entre les phénomènes de vieillissement cognitif et l'allongement de l'espérance de vie est traité. Dans une démarche ethnographique, il s'agit de voir quelles sont les logiques d'action et les pratiques sociales développées en réponse à ces inadéquations. La thématique impose une navigation entre des domaines théoriques spécialisés et des champs d'activités possédant chacun leurs cadres de référence. Une telle entreprise suppose une multiplication des systèmes de référence devant être pris en compte. Toutes les disciplines approchées au cours de ce travail abondent en métaphores utiles à la mise en ordre de leur pensée et à la description de leurs objets de travail. Toutefois, faire résonner entre elles les différentes «cultures épistémiques » (Knorr-Cetina, 1999) pour mieux faire apparaître la trame sociale qui constitue leur arrière-fond équivaut souvent à forcer le trait. Le sens des mots varie selon leurs champs d'application et l'exercice de la mise en résonance peut s'avérer périlleux. Je me suis efforcée tout au long de ces pages de préciser de quel point de vue les énoncés considérés sont formulés. L'analyse anthropologique étant guidée par la recherche des points de liaison entre les différents registres, la démarche est forcément limitée dans le niveau d'approfondissement auquel elle peut tendre. Elle risque de décevoir les lecteurs experts dans les domaines soumis à la grille de lecture de cette discipline, non familiers avec les concepts anthropologiques. Il est probable qu'un certain flou subsiste dans la façon dont ces énoncés sont décris par rapport au traitement dont ils sont l'objet dans leurs disciplines respectives. Si on perd de vue la préoccupation centrale de l'anthropologie, consistant à éclairer le système de valeurs commun sous-tendant les pratiques sociales observées, la lecture d'un tel travail risque effectivement de rater son but. En revanche, en acceptant d'emblée de se prêter à un décentrement par rapport à son modèle disciplinaire, le lecteur doit pouvoir appréhender des aspects intéressant ses propres pratiques. S'intéresser à ce qui relie les savoirs et les pratiques au sein d'un monde commun, voilà un programme heuristique qui va à l'encontre de la logique de spécialisation.

Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies.

BACKGROUND: Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women. METHODS: Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression. FINDINGS: Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons). INTERPRETATION: The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK.

Reasons why emergency department providers do not rely on the pneumonia severity index to determine the initial site of treatment for patients with pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Many emergency department (ED) providers do not follow guideline recommendations for the use of the pneumonia severity index (PSI) to determine the initial site of treatment for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We identified the reasons why ED providers hospitalize low-risk patients or manage higher-risk patients as outpatients. METHODS: As a part of a trial to implement a PSI-based guideline for the initial site of treatment of patients with CAP, we analyzed data for patients managed at 12 EDs allocated to a high-intensity guideline implementation strategy study arm. The guideline recommended outpatient care for low-risk patients (nonhypoxemic patients with a PSI risk classification of I, II, or III) and hospitalization for higher-risk patients (hypoxemic patients or patients with a PSI risk classification of IV or V). We asked providers who made guideline-discordant decisions on site of treatment to detail the reasons for nonadherence to guideline recommendations. RESULTS: There were 1,306 patients with CAP (689 low-risk patients and 617 higher-risk patients). Among these patients, physicians admitted 258 (37.4%) of 689 low-risk patients and treated 20 (3.2%) of 617 higher-risk patients as outpatients. The most commonly reported reasons for admitting low-risk patients were the presence of a comorbid illness (178 [71.5%] of 249 patients); a laboratory value, vital sign, or symptom that precluded ED discharge (73 patients [29.3%]); or a recommendation from a primary care or a consulting physician (48 patients [19.3%]). Higher-risk patients were most often treated as outpatients because of a recommendation by a primary care or consulting physician (6 [40.0%] of 15 patients). CONCLUSION: ED providers hospitalize many low-risk patients with CAP, most frequently for a comorbid illness. Although higher-risk patients are infrequently treated as outpatients, this decision is often based on the request of an involved physician.

Keeping the leaves green above us.

The plant immune system relies to a great extent on the highly regulated expression of hundreds of defense genes encoding antimicrobial proteins, such as defensins, and antiherbivore proteins, such as lectins. The expression of many of these genes is controlled by a family of mediators known as jasmonates; these cyclic oxygenated fatty acid derivatives are reminiscent of prostaglandins. The roles of jasmonates also extend to the control of reproductive development. How are these complex events regulated? Nearly 20 members of the jasmonate family have been characterized. Some, like jasmonic acid, exist in unmodified forms, whereas others are conjugated to other lipids or to hydrophobic amino acids. Why do so many chemically different forms of these mediators exist, and do individual jasmonates have unique signaling properties or are they made to facilitate transport within and between cells? Key features of the jasmonate signal pathway have been identified and include the specific activation of E3-type ubiquitin ligases thought to target as-yet-undescribed transcriptional repressors for modification or destruction. Several classes of transcription factor are known to function in the jasmonate pathway, and, in some cases, these proteins provide nodes that integrate this network with other important defensive and developmental pathways. Progress in jasmonate research is now rapid, but large gaps in our knowledge exist. Aimed to keep pace with progress, the ensemble of jasmonate Connections Maps at the Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment describe (i) the canonical signaling pathway, (ii) the Arabidopsis signaling pathway, and (iii) the biogenesis and structures of the jasmonates themselves.

Can MMTV exploit TLR4?

The recognition of microbial pathogens based on their molecular patterns is essential for host defense. Recently, Toll-like receptors have been shown not only to recognize viruses as well as bacteria and fungi, but also to trigger an efficient immune response. A recent publication proposed that the retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus exploits the pattern-recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 to achieve more efficient infection.

Application of detection probabilities to the design of amphibian monitoring programs in temporary ponds

Failure to detect a species in an area where it is present is a major source of error in biological surveys. We assessed whether it is possible to optimize single-visit biological monitoring surveys of highly dynamic freshwater ecosystems by framing them a priori within a particular period of time. Alternatively, we also searched for the optimal number of visits and when they should be conducted. We developed single-species occupancy models to estimate the monthly probability of detection of pond-breeding amphibians during a four-year monitoring program. Our results revealed that detection probability was species-specific and changed among sampling visits within a breeding season and also among breeding seasons. Thereby, the optimization of biological surveys with minimal survey effort (a single visit) is not feasible as it proves impossible to select a priori an adequate sampling period that remains robust across years. Alternatively, a two-survey combination at the beginning of the sampling season yielded optimal results and constituted an acceptable compromise between sampling efficacy and survey effort. Our study provides evidence of the variability and uncertainty that likely affects the efficacy of monitoring surveys, highlighting the need of repeated sampling in both ecological studies and conservation management.

Health-risk behaviors and quality of life among young men.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations between substance use and other health-risk behaviors and quality of life (QOL) among young men. METHODS: The analytical sample consisted of 5,306 young Swiss men who participated in the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Associations between seven distinct self-reported health-risk behaviors (risky single-occasion drinking; volume drinking; cigarette smoking; cannabis use; use of any other illicit drugs; sexual intercourse without a condom; low physical activity) were assessed via chi-square analysis. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to study the associations between each particular health-risk behavior and either physical or mental QOL (assessed with the SF-12v2) while adjusting for socio-demographic variables and the presence of all other health-risk behaviors. RESULTS: Most health-risk behaviors co-occurred. However, low physical activity was not or negatively related to other health-risk behaviors. Almost all health-risk behaviors were associated with a greater likelihood of compromised QOL. However, sexual intercourse without a condom (not associated with both physical and mental QOL) and frequent risky single-occasion drinking (not related to mental QOL after adjusting for the presence of other health-risk behaviors; positively associated with physical QOL) differed from this pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Health-risk behaviors are mostly associated with compromised QOL. However, sexual intercourse without a condom and frequent risky single-occasion drinking differ from this pattern and are therefore possibly particularly difficult to change relative to other health-risk behaviors.