Cinéastes indépendants, politique fédérale du cinéma et co-production du 'Nouveau cinéma suisse', 1963-1970. Contribution à une sociologie de l'innovation artistique

Ce travail s'intéresse aux modalités d'émergence et d'institutionnalisation d'un nouveau régime de création artistique, plus connu sous le nom de «Nouveau cinéma suisse ».Dans les années 1960-1970, l'arrivée du Nouveau cinéma suisse a bouleversé les manières de faire du cinéma en Suisse et a attiré l'attention sur le septième art helvétique. Comment une innovation artistique parvient-elle à s'imposer ? Comment un consensus autour d'une nouvelle forme artistique et de son mode de production émerge et se stabilise-t-il ? Quel rôle jouent les acteurs et les institutions dans ce processus ? Enfin, quelles sont les relations entre cette situation en devenir et les oeuvres créées dans ces conditions ? Au delà dé ces interrogations, c'est un questionnement théorique, épistémologique qui a motivé cette recherche. A l'image de la sociologie elle-même, l'analyse sociologique de l'art a été traversée, ces dernières années, pas de nombreux débats. Trop souvent, la réflexion s'appuie - ou trébuche -sur des dichotomies convenues :analyse interne /externe de l'art, déterminisme /indétermination des acteurs, reflet /autonomie des oeuvres. Quels sont les outils et les approches que propose la discipline pour analyser un tel objet, quels enseignements peut-on titrer de leur mise à l'épreuve sur un cas concret ? Quel est le défi lancé par le Nouveau cinéma suisse à la sociologie de l'art ?Mais commençons par le début car le point initial de cette longue entreprise était en réalité tout autre.

Teachers' remarks about their salaries in 1800 in the Helvetic Republic

For centuries, teachers have complained about their salaries. In the Stapfer inquiry of 1799, some teachers made remarks about financial issues, particularly their low incomes. This inquiry is the main source for the arguments presented here regarding teachers' low salary during this period of the Helvetic Republic. The disparity between the lowest and the highest income was huge in 1799. This fact invites investigations about the people who complained. The evidence indicates incoherence between the complaints regarding low salary and the real income that was earned by these teachers. However, in order for this thesis to be wholly understood, the salaries must be explained; at the time of the Stapfer inquiry, salaries were paid in different currencies, as wages in kind and using divergent measurements. The present article aims to determine who these teachers were and why they complained. The arguments presented by the teachers shed light on the topics of political appeals, the social status of teachers in 1800 and the professionalisation of teachers.

Childhood cancer mortality in Europe, 1970-2007.

To update trends in childhood cancer mortality in Europe, we analysed mortality data derived from the World Health Organization for all childhood neoplasms, bone and kidney cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and leukaemias, in 30 European countries up to 2007. Between 1990-1994 and 2005-2007, mortality from all neoplasms steadily declined in most European countries (from 5.2 to 3.5/100,000 boys and from 4.3 to 2.8/100,000 girls in the European Union, EU). In 2005-2007, however, mortality rates from childhood cancers were still higher in countries from Eastern (4.9/100,000 boys and 3.9/100,000 girls) and Southern (4.0/100,000 boys and 3.1/100,000 girls) Europe than in those from Western (3.1/100,000 boys and 2.5/100,000 girls) and Northern (3.2/100,000 boys and 2.5/100,000 girls) Europe. Similar temporal trends and geographic patterns were observed for leukaemias, with declines from 1.7 to 0.9/100,000 boys and from 1.3 to 0.7/100,000 girls between 1990-1994 and 2005-2007 in the EU. For kidney cancer and NHL mortality rates were low and have been declining in larger European countries over the last 15years. The pattern of trends was less clear for bone cancer, with no systematic downward trends at age 0-14, though some fall was evident at age 15-19. Thus, mortality from childhood cancer continued to decline over more recent years in most European countries. However, the mortality rates in Eastern - but also Southern - European countries in the mid 2000's were similar to those in the Western and Northern European ones in the early 1990's. Some further improvement in childhood cancer mortality is therefore achievable through more widespread and better adoption of currently available treatments.