139 resultados para cadmium telluride magic-sized clusters 2D structures colloidal nanocrystals


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1. Little is known on the occurrence and magnitude of faster than normal (catch-up) growth in response to periods of undernutrition in the wild, and the extent to which different body structures compensate and over what timescales is poorly understood. 2. We investigated catch-up growth in nestling Alpine Swifts, Apus melba, by comparing nestling growth trajectories in response to a naturally occurring 1-week period of inclement weather and undernutrition with growth of nestlings reared in a good year. 3. In response to undernutrition, nestlings exhibited a hierarchy of tissues preservation and compensation, with body mass being restored quickly after the end of the period of undernutrition, acceleration of skeletal growth occurring later in development, and compensation in wing length occurring mostly due to a prolongation of growth and delayed fledging. 4. The effect of undernutrition and subsequent catch-up growth was age-dependent, with older nestlings being more resilient to undernutrition, and in turn having less need to compensate later in the development. 5. This shows that young in a free-living bird population can compensate in body mass and body size for a naturally occurring period of undernutrition, and that the timing and extent of compensation varies with age and between body structures.

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With the dramatic increase in the volume of experimental results in every domain of life sciences, assembling pertinent data and combining information from different fields has become a challenge. Information is dispersed over numerous specialized databases and is presented in many different formats. Rapid access to experiment-based information about well-characterized proteins helps predict the function of uncharacterized proteins identified by large-scale sequencing. In this context, universal knowledgebases play essential roles in providing access to data from complementary types of experiments and serving as hubs with cross-references to many specialized databases. This review outlines how the value of experimental data is optimized by combining high-quality protein sequences with complementary experimental results, including information derived from protein 3D-structures, using as an example the UniProt knowledgebase (UniProtKB) and the tools and links provided on its website ( http://www.uniprot.org/ ). It also evokes precautions that are necessary for successful predictions and extrapolations.

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An understanding of details of the interaction mechanisms of bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) with the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is still lacking, despite its high biological relevance. Here, a biophysical investigation into the endotoxin:hemoglobin interaction is presented which comprises the use of various rough mutant LPS as well as free lipid A; in addition to the complete hemoglobin molecule from fetal sheep extract, also the partial structure alpha-chain and the heme-free sample are studied. The investigations comprise the determination of the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase behaviour of the acyl chains of LPS, the ultrastructure (type of aggregate structure and morphology) of the endotoxins, and the incorporation of the hemoglobins into artificial immune cell membranes and into LPS. Our data suggest a model for the interaction between Hb and LPS in which hemoglobins do not react strongly with the hydrophilic or with the hydrophobic moiety of LPS, but with the complete endotoxin aggregate. Hb is able to incorporate into LPS with the longitudinal direction parallel to the lipid A double-layer. Although this does not lead to a strong disturbance of the LPS acyl chain packing, the change of the curvature leads to a slightly conical molecular shape with a change of the three-dimensional arrangement from unilamellar into cubic LPS aggregates. Our previous results show that cubic LPS structures exhibit strong endotoxic activity. The property of Hb on the physical state of LPS described here may explain the observation of an increase in LPS-mediating endotoxicity due to the action of Hb.

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This study looks at how increased memory utilisation affects throughput and energy consumption in scientific computing, especially in high-energy physics. Our aim is to minimise energy consumed by a set of jobs without increasing the processing time. The earlier tests indicated that, especially in data analysis, throughput can increase over 100% and energy consumption decrease 50% by processing multiple jobs in parallel per CPU core. Since jobs are heterogeneous, it is not possible to find an optimum value for the number of parallel jobs. A better solution is based on memory utilisation, but finding an optimum memory threshold is not straightforward. Therefore, a fuzzy logic-based algorithm was developed that can dynamically adapt the memory threshold based on the overall load. In this way, it is possible to keep memory consumption stable with different workloads while achieving significantly higher throughput and energy-efficiency than using a traditional fixed number of jobs or fixed memory threshold approaches.

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Connectivity among demes in a metapopulation depends on both the landscape's and the focal organism's properties (including its mobility and cognitive abilities). Using individual-based simulations, we contrast the consequences of three different cognitive strategies on several measures of metapopulation connectivity. Model animals search suitable habitat patches while dispersing through a model landscape made of cells varying in size, shape, attractiveness and friction. In the blind strategy, the next cell is chosen randomly among the adjacent ones. In the near-sighted strategy, the choice depends on the relative attractiveness of these adjacent cells. In the far-sighted strategy, animals may additionally target suitable patches that appear within their perceptual range. Simulations show that the blind strategy provides the best overall connectivity, and results in balanced dispersal. The near-sighted strategy traps animals into corridors that reduce the number of potential targets, thereby fragmenting metapopulations in several local clusters of demes, and inducing sink-source dynamics. This sort of local trapping is somewhat prevented in the far-sighted strategy. The colonization success of strategies depends highly on initial energy reserves: blind does best when energy is high, near-sighted wins at intermediate levels, and far-sighted outcompetes its rivals at low energy reserves. We also expect strong effects in terms of metapopulation genetics: the blind strategy generates a migrant-pool mode of dispersal that should erase local structures. By contrast, near- and far-sighted strategies generate a propagule-pool mode of dispersal and source-sink behavior that should boost structures (high genetic variance among- and low variance within local clusters of demes), particularly if metapopulation dynamics is also affected by extinction-colonization processes. Our results thus point to important effects of the cognitive ability of dispersers on the connectivity, dynamics and genetics of metapopulations.

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[Table des matières] 1. Méthodes d'évaluation. 2. Le Passage et le Point d'eau. 2.1. Historique et objectifs. 2.2. Etapes de la mise en route. 3.1. Professionnels salariés. 3.2. Bénévoles professionnels. 3.3. Bénévoles d'accueil. 4.1. Activités de la structure. 4.2. Accueil (animations, repas, collations). 4.3. L'offre socio-éducative. 4.4. L'offre sanitaire. 4.5. La distribution du matériel stérile. 5.1. Prestations d'hygiène. 5.2. Soins somatiques. 5.3. Activité sportive. 6.1. Profil des usagers. 6.2. Indicateurs socio-démographiques et d'intégration sociale. 6.3. Etat de santé perçu. 6.4. Fréquentation du réseau (dispositif bas seuil et autre) et de Point d'eau. 7. Consommation de drogues illégales. 8. Fréquentation de la structure. 9.1. Méthodes d'évaluation utilisées. 9.2. Evaluation du Passage et du Point d'eau.

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RESUME L'Institut de Géophysique de l'Université de Lausanne a développé au cours de ces dernières années un système d'acquisition de sismique réflexion multitrace à haute résolution 2D et 3D. L'objectif de cette thèse était de poursuivre ce développement tout améliorant les connaissances de la géologie sous le lac Léman, en étudiant en particulier la configuration des grands accidents sous-lacustres dans la Molasse (Tertiaire) qui forme l'essentiel du substratum des formations quaternaires. En configuration 2D, notre système permet d'acquérir des profils sismiques avec une distance inter-CDP de 1,25 m. La couverture varie entre 6 et 18 selon le nombre de traces et la distance inter-tir. Le canon à air (15/15 eu. in.), offre une résolution verticale de 1,25 ni et une pénétration maximale de 300 m sous le fond de l'eau. Nous avons acquis au total plus de 400 km de sections 2D dans le Grand Lac et le Haut Lac entre octobre 2000 et juillet 2004. Une campagne de sismique 3D a fourni des données au large d'Evian sur une surface de 442,5 m sur 1450 m, soit 0,64 km2. La navigation ainsi que le positionnement des hydrophones et de la source ont été réalisés avec des GPS différentiels. Nous avons utilisé un traitement sismique conventionnel, sans appliquer d'AGC et en utilisant une migration post-stack. L'interprétation du substratum antéquaternaire est basée sur l'identification des sismofaciès, sur leurs relations avec les unités géologiques adjacentes au lac, ainsi que sur quelques données de forages. Nous obtenons ainsi une carte des unités géologiques dans le Grand Lac. Nous précisons la position du chevauchement subalpin entre la ville de Lausanne, sur la rive nord, et le bassin de Sciez, sur la rive sud. Dans la Molasse de Plateau, nous avons identifié les décrochements de Pontarlier et de St. Cergue ainsi que plusieurs failles non reconnues jusqu'ici. Nous avons cartographié les accidents qui affectent la Molasse subalpine ainsi que le plan de chevauchement du flysch sur la Molasse près de la rive sud du lac. Une nouvelle carte tectonique de la région lémanique a ainsi pu être dressée. L'analyse du substratum ne montre pas de failles suggérant une origine tectonique de la cuvette lémanique. Par contre, nous suggérons que la forme du creusement glaciaire, donc de la forme du lac Léman, a été influencée par la présence de failles dans le substratum antéquaternaire. L'analyse des sédiments quaternaires nous a permis de tracer des cartes des différentes interfaces ou unités qui les composent. La carte du toit du substratum antéquaternaire montre la présence de chenaux d'origine glaciaire dont la profondeur maximale atteint la cote -200 ni. Leur pente est dirigée vers le nord-est, à l'inverse du sens d'écoulement actuel des eaux. Nous expliquons cette observation par l'existence de circulations sous-glaciaires d'eau artésienne. Les sédiments glaciaires dont l'épaisseur maximale atteint 150 ni au centre du lac ont enregistré les différentes récurrences glaciaires. Dans la zone d'Evian, nous mettons en évidence la présence de lentilles de sédiments glaciolacustres perchées sur le flanc de la cuvette lémanique. Nous avons corrélé ces unités avec des données de forage et concluons qu'il s'agit du complexe inférieur de la pile sédimentaire d'Evian. Celui-ci, âgé de plus de 30 000 ans, serait un dépôt de Kame associé à un lac périglaciaire. La sismique réflexion 3D permet de préciser l'orientation de l'alimentation en matériel détritique de l'unité. La finesse des images obtenues nous permet également d'établir quels types d'érosion ont affecté certaines unités. Les sédiments lacustres, dont l'épaisseur maximale imagée atteint plus de 225 m et sans doute 400 ni sous le delta du Rhône, indiquent plusieurs mécanismes de dépôts. A la base, une mégaturbidite, épaisse d'une trentaine de mètres en moyenne, s'étend entre l'embouchure de la Dranse et le delta du Rhône. Au-dessus, la décantation des particules en suspension d'origine biologique et détritique fournit l'essentiel des sédiments. Dans la partie orientale du lac, les apports détritiques du Rhône forment un delta qui prograde vers l'ouest en s'imbriquant avec les sédiments déposés par décantation. La structure superficielle du delta a brutalement évolué, probablement à la suite de l'évènement catastrophique du Tauredunum (563 A.D.). Sa trace probable se marque par la présence d'une surface érosive que nous avons cartographiée. Le delta a ensuite changé de géométrie, avec notamment un déplacement des chenaux sous-lacustres. Sur l'ensemble de nos sections sismiques, nous n'observons aucune faille dans les sédiments quaternaires qui attesterait d'une tectonique postglaciaire du substratum. ABSTRACT During the last few years the institute of Geophysics of the University of Lausanne cleveloped a 2D and 3D high-resolution multichannel seismic reflection acquisition system. The objective of the present work was to carry on this development white improving our knowledge of the geology under Lake Geneva, in particular by studying the configuration of the large accidents affecting the Tertiary Molasse that makes up the basement of most Quaternary deposits. In its 2D configuration, our system makes it possible to acquire seismic profiles with a CDP interval of 1.25 m. The fold varies from 6 to 18 depending on the number of traces and the shooting interval. Our air gun (15/15 cu. in.) provides a vertical resolution of 1.25 m and a maximum penetration depth of approximately 300 m under water bottom. We acquired more than 400 km of 2D sections in the Grand Lac and the Haut Lac between October 2000 and July 2004. A 3D seismic survey off the city of Evian provided data on a surface of 442.5 m x 1450 m (0.64 km2). Ship's navigation as well as hydrophone- and source positioning were carried out with differential GPS. The seismic data were processed following a conventional sequence without .applying AGC and using post-stack migration. The interpretation of the pre-Quaternary substratum is based on sismofacies, on their relationships with terrestrial geological units and on some borehole data. We thus obtained a map of the geological units in the Grand Lac. We defined the location of the subalpine thrust from Lausanne, on the north shore, to the Sciez Basin, on the south shore. Within the Molasse de Plateau, we identified the already know Pontarlier and St Cergue transforms Fault as well as faults. We mapped faults that affect subalpine Molasse as well as the thrust fault plane between alpine flysch and Molasse near the lake's south shore. A new tectonic map of the Lake Geneva region could thus be drawn up. The substratum does not show faults indicating a tectonic origin for the Lake Geneva Basin. However, we suggest that the orientation of glacial erosion, and thus the shape of Lake Geneva, vas influenced by the presence of faults in the pre-Quaternary basement. The analysis of Quaternary sediments enabled us to draw up maps of various discontinuities or internal units. The top pre-Quaternary basement map shows channels of glacial origin, the deepest of them reaching an altitude of 200 m a.s.l. The channel's slopes are directed to the North-East, in opposite direction of the present water flow. We explain this observation by the presence of artesian subglacial water circulation. Glacial sediments, the maximum thickness of which reaches 150 m in the central part of the lake, record several glacial recurrences. In the Evian area, we found lenses of glacio-lacustrine sediments set high up on the flank of the Lake Geneva Bassin. We correlated these units with on-land borehole data and concluded that they represent the lower complex of the Evian sedimentary pile. The lower complex is aider than 30 000 years, and it could be a Kame deposit associated with a periglacial lake. Our 3D seismic reflexion survey enables us to specify the supply direction of detrital material in this unit. With detailed seismic images we established how some units were affected by different erosion types. The lacustrine sediments we imaged in Lake Geneva are thicker than 225 m and 400 m or more Linder the Rhone Delta. They indicate several depositional mechanisms. Their base is a major turbidite, thirty meters thick on average, that spreads between the Dranse mouth and the Rhone delta. Above this unit, settling of suspended biological and detrital particles provides most of the sediments. In the eastern part of the lake, detrital contribution from the Rhone builds a delta that progrades to the west and imbricates with the settling sediments. The shallow structure of the Rhone delta abruptly evolved, probably after the catastrophic Tauredunum event (563 A.D.). It probably coincides with an erosive surface that we mapped. As a result, the delta geometry changed, in particular associated with a displacement of water bottom channels. In all our seismic sections, we do not observe fault in the Quaternary sediments that would attest postglacial tectonic activity in the basement.

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The oligomeric state of BAFF (B cell activing factor), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family cytokine that plays a critical role in B cell development and survival, has been the subject of recent debate. Myc-tagged BAFF starting at residue Gln136 was previously reported to crystallize as trimers at pH 4.5, whereas a histidine-tagged construct of BAFF, starting at residue Ala134, formed a virus-like cluster containing 60 monomers when crystallized at pH 9.0. The formation of the BAFF 60-mer was pH dependent, requiring pH >or= 7.0. More recently, 60-mer formation was suggested to be artificially induced by the histidine tag, and it was proposed that BAFF, like all other TNF family members, is trimeric. We report here that a construct of BAFF with no amino-terminal tag (Ala134-BAFF) can form a 60-mer in solution. Using size exclusion chromatography and static light scattering to monitor trimer to 60-mer ratios in BAFF preparations, we find that 60-mer formation is pH-dependent and requires histidine 218 within the DE loop of BAFF. Biacore measurements established that the affinity of Ala134-BAFF for the BAFF receptor BAFFR/BR3 is similar to that of myc-Gln136-BAFF, which is exclusively trimeric in solution. However, Ala134-BAFF is more efficacious than myc-Gln136-BAFF in inducing B cell proliferation in vitro. We additionally show that BAFF that is processed and secreted by 293T cells transfected with full-length BAFF, or by a histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U937) that expresses BAFF endogenously, forms a pH-dependent 60-mer in solution. Our results indicate that the formation of the 60-mer in solution by the BAFF extracellular domain is an intrinsic property of the protein, and therefore that this more active form of BAFF may be physiologically relevant.

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Defining the limits of an urban agglomeration is essential both for fundamental and applied studies in quantitative and theoretical geography. A simple and consistent way for defining such urban clusters is important for performing different statistical analysis and comparisons. Traditionally, agglomerations are defined using a rather qualitative approach based on various statistical measures. This definition varies generally from one country to another, and the data taken into account are different. In this paper, we explore the use of the City Clustering Algorithm (CCA) for the agglomeration definition in Switzerland. This algorithm provides a systemic and easy way to define an urban area based only on population data. The CCA allows the specification of the spatial resolution for defining the urban clusters. The results from different resolutions are compared and analysed, and the effect of filtering the data investigated. Different scales and parameters allow highlighting different phenomena. The study of Zipf's law using the visual rank-size rule shows that it is valid only for some specific urban clusters, inside a narrow range of the spatial resolution of the CCA. The scale where emergence of one main cluster occurs can also be found in the analysis using Zipf's law. The study of the urban clusters at different scales using the lacunarity measure - a complementary measure to the fractal dimension - allows to highlight the change of scale at a given range.

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Depuis quelque temps, de plus en plus de spécialistes de la politique sociale préconisent une stratégie d'investissement social dans laquelle les crèches joueraient un rôle majeur. Cette stratégie vise à prévenir les exclusions sociales par la promotion de l'égalité des chances et de l'accès à l'emploi en vue d'un allègement des dépenses de protection sociale passive. Outre qu'elles permettent aux familles d'avoir deux revenus, les crèches ont en effet l'avantage de réduire les écarts au niveau des compétences cognitives et linguistiques entre les enfants venant de différents milieux sociaux. Mais le succès d'une telle stratégie présuppose que certains publics cibles recourent effectivement aux crèches, à savoir les ménages disposant d'un faible revenu ou/et de niveau de formation, ainsi que les familles issues de l'immigration. Or, des analyses statistiques sur la base de l'Enquête suisse sur la population active (ESPA) de 2008 montrent que, pour les familles en Suisse, les chances d'utiliser une crèche augmentent avec le niveau de formation des parents. Concernant plus particulièrement le niveau de formation des mères, ce phénomène n'est d'ailleurs que partiellement conditionné par le taux d'activité supérieur de celles ayant accompli une formation de degré tertiaire. En outre, certaines populations d'immigrés dont l'intégration dans la société suisse est réputée difficile sont peu disposées à recourir aux crèches. Les immigrés de première génération de quasiment toutes les origines fortement représentées en Suisse ont en revanche plus de chances que les parents d'origine suisse de faire appel au service d'une crèche à raison d'au moins 4 jours/semaine, ce qui peut influer négativement sur le comportement de l'enfant. Ce dernier résultat semble paradoxal mais montre qu'une migration rend plus difficile l'organisation d'une garde informelle comme solution complémentaire à la crèche. En synthèse, la présente étude attire l'attention sur le fait que les atouts pédagogiques et socialisants des crèches reviennent avant tout aux enfants de parents d'origine suisse ou venant de pays culturellement proches et ayant un niveau de formation supérieur. Telle que conçue actuellement, l'offre de crèches en Suisse ne semble guère opérer comme un instrument efficace de l'investissement social. Immer mehr Experten der Sozialpolitik empfehlen eine ,,Strategie der sozialen Investitionen", die den Kindertagesstätten (bzw. Kinderkrippen) eine wichtige Rolle zuschreibt. Ziel dieser Strategie ist es, durch Förderung von Chancengleichheit und Arbeitsmarktpartizipation sozialen Ausgrenzungen vorzubeugen, um Einsparungen im Bereich der passiven Sozialleistungen zu ermöglichen. Krippen haben einerseits den Vorteil, dass sie es den Familien ermöglichen, zwei Einkommen zu erzielen. Andererseits tragen sie zur Minderung von kognitiven und sprachlichen Fähigkeitsunterschieden zwischen Vorschulkindern aus verschiedenen sozialen Milieus bei. Der Erfolg dieser Strategie setzt jedoch voraus, dass gewisse Zielgruppen tatsächlich Krippen nutzen, nämlich bezüglich Einkommen und/oder Bildung benachteiligte Haushalte sowie Familien mit Migrationshintergrund. Die vorliegenden statistischen Analysen aufgrund der SAKE-Daten von 2008 (Schweizerische Arbeitskräfteerhebung) ergeben jedoch für die Schweiz, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine Krippe zu nutzen, mit dem Bildungsniveau der Eltern steigt. Was das Bildungsniveau der Mütter im Besonderen anbelangt, ist dieses Phänomen nur teilweise bedingt durch den tendenziell höheren Beschäftigungsgrad der besser Ausgebildeten. Zudem haben einige Migrantengruppen, deren Integration in die Schweizer Gesellschaft als besonders schwierig betrachtet wird, eine bedeutend tiefere Benützungswahrscheinlichkeit als Eltern Schweizer Herkunft. Für fast alle in der Schweiz stark vertretenen Migranten erster Generation ist dennoch das statistische Risiko grösser, die Krippe während mindestens 4 Tagen/Woche zu nutzen, was einen negativen Einfluss auf das Verhalten des Kindes haben kann. Dieses scheinbar paradoxe Ergebnis ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass ein Migrationshintergrund das Organisieren von krippenergänzenden Betreuungslösungen informeller Art meist erschwert. Gesamthaft zeigt die vorliegende Studie auf, dass die positiven pädagogischen und sozialisierenden Effekte der Krippen in erster Linie Kindern zugutekommen, deren Eltern eine höhere Ausbildung haben, Schweizer Herkunft sind oder aus einem kulturell nahestehenden Land kommen. So wie es gegenwärtig eingerichtet ist, scheint das Krippenangebot in der Schweiz kaum als effizientes Instrument sozialer Investitionen zu wirken.