149 resultados para Perceptual confusion
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Background: One third of hospitalized older-adults who developed a delirium are discharged prior to complete resolution of their symptoms. Others may develop symptoms shortly after their hospital discharge or an acute illness. Therefore, strategies for early detection and prevention of delirium at home must be created and implemented. Aims: The aim of the pilot study was two-fold. First, to develop and test the effectiveness of a nursing intervention to detect and prevent delirium among older- adults who were recently hospitalized or had an acute illness. Second, we assessed the feasibility and acceptability of this nursing intervention strategy with this specific population. Methods: A total of 114 patients age 65 and older were recruited in a home health service to participate between February and November 2012. Participants were randomized into an experimental group (n=56) or a control group (n=58). In addition to the control group which only receives standard home care, nursing interventions tailored to detect/prevent delirium were delivered to the experimental group at 5 time points following discharge (at 48 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days). Socio-demographic characteristics, body mass index, medications, comorbidities, delirium symptoms (Confusion Assessment Method), cognitive impairment (Mini- Mental State Examination) and functional status (Activities of Daily Living) were assessed at study entry (TT). Outcomes of delirium symptoms, cognitive impairment and functional status were assessed after one month (T2). Descriptive and bivariate methods were used to analyse the data. Results: The two groups were similar at baseline. At one month following discharge no statistical differences were observed between groups in terms of symptoms of delirium (p= 0.085), cognitive impairment (p= 0.151) and functional status (p= 0.235). However in the nursing intervention group, significant improvements in cognitive functioning (p= 0,005) and functional status (p= 0,000) as well as decreased delirium symptoms (p=0,003) were observed. The nursing intervention strategy was feasible and well received by the participants. Conclusion: Nursing intervention strategy to detect/prevent delirium appears to be effective but a larger clinical study is needed to confirm these preliminary findings. - Introduction : Un tiers des personnes âgées hospitalisées développent un état confusionnel aigu (ECA) et quittent l'hôpital sans que les symptômes ne soient résolus. D'autres peuvent développer des symptômes d'ECA à domicile après une hospitalisation ou une maladie aiguë. Pour ces raisons, des stratégies de détection et prévention précoces d'ECA doivent être développées, implantées et évaluées. But : Cette étude pilote avait pour but de développer et tester les effets d'une stratégie d'interventions infirmières pour détecter et prévenir l'ECA chez des personnes âgées à domicile après une hospitalisation ou une maladie récente. Dans un deuxième temps, la faisabilité et l'acceptabilité de l'implantation de cette stratégie auprès de cette population spécifique ainsi que de l'étude ont été évaluées. Méthode : Au total 114 personnes 65 ans) ont été recrutées entre février et novembre 2012. Les participants ont été randomisés, soit dans le groupe expérimental (GE, n=56), soit dans le groupe témoin (GT, n=58). En complément des soins usuels, une stratégie d'interventions de détection/prévention d'ECA a été dispensée au GE à 48 heures, 72 heures, 7 jours, 14 jours et 21 jours après le retour à domicile ou une maladie récente. Des données sociodémographiques et de santé (Indice de Masse Corporelle, relevé de la médication, comorbidités), la présence de symptômes d'ECA (Confusion Assessment Method), de troubles cognitifs (Mini évaluation de l'état mental) et de déficit fonctionnel (Activités de la vie quotidienne et instrumentales) ont été évalués à l'entrée de l'étude (T,). L'effet de la stratégie d'interventions a été mesuré sur le nombre de symptômes d'ECA, du déficit/état cognitif (Mini évaluation de l'état mental) et du déficit/état fonctionnel (Activités de la vie quotidienne) après un mois (T2). Des analyses descriptives et bivariées ont été effectuées. Résultats : Les deux groupes étaient équivalents au début de l'étude. Aucune différence significative n'a été retrouvée après un mois entre le GE et le GT par rapport au nombre de symptômes d'ECA (p= 0,085), au déficit cognitif (p= 0,151) et fonctionnel (p= 0,235). Toutefois, une amélioration significative a été observée dans le GE par rapport aux symptômes d'ECA (p= 0,003), aux déficits cognitifs (p= 0,005) et fonctionnels (p= 0,000) à un mois. La stratégie d'interventions s'avère faisable et a été bien acceptée par les participants. Conclusion : La stratégie d'interventions infirmières de détection/prévention d'ECA à domicile semble prometteuse, mais des études cliniques à large échelle sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats préliminaires.
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Des parents semblent ignorer la limite entre ce que l'on est en droit de montrer et ce que l'on doit traiter avec pudeur. Une sorte d'ambiguïté les amène à être négligents et par là à tolérer des comportements ou des propos grivois de leurs enfants ou à en rire. Les thérapeutes sont invités à entreprendre un travail pédagogique de guidance parentale quand les frontières de l'intime sont floues et quand la confusion touche les jeunes devenant vulnérables et symptomatiques. Les auteurs exposent un cas d'anorexie chez une adolescente, dont la souffrance se trouve masquée par une série de comportements désinhibés. La surexcitation qui en découle peut apparaître comme une solution défensive pour lutter contre la dépression liée à l'expérience de séparation et de deuil. Pour favoriser la construction de représentations des territoires de l'intime plus respectueuses de la vulnérabilité des adolescents, les auteurs ont aussi proposé la sculpture familiale.Parental guidance and respect of intimacy. Young people's mourning and erotism. - Parents seem to be unaware of the borderline between what one may show and what one should handle with reserve. A kind of ambiguity drive them to be careless. As a result, they put up with suggestive behaviour or language from their children and even laugh at it. The therapists are invited to undertake an educational work of parental guidance when the boderlines of the intimate are hazy and when the confusion is affecting young people who become vulnerable and symptomatic. The authors present an anorexia case of a teenager whose distress is concealed by a series of uninhibited behaviours. The ensuing overexcitement could seem to be a defensive solution to fight against the depression related to parting and mourning experience. To encourage the building of representations of the territories of the intimate which would be more respectful of the teenagers vulnerability, the authors also suggest the technique of family sculpture.
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This study examined gross motor performance of 101 typically developing children between 3 and 5 years of age (48 boys, 53 girls, M age = 3.9 yr., SD = 0.5). All children performed 7 different gross motor tasks which were rated on a 5-point scale. Age and sex were assessed by an ordinal-logistic model, and odds ratios were calculated for each task using age and sex as covariates. For standing on one leg, walking on a beam, hopping on one leg, running, and taking stairs, statistically significant age differences were found, while for rising and jumping down, none were apparent. Mean motor performance did not differ between boys and girls on the tasks. The older the children were, the better they performed on the tasks.
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Plasma levels of clozapine and olanzapine are lower in smokers than in nonsmokers, which is mainly due to induction of cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) by some smoke constituents. Smoking cessation in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs that are CYP1A2 substrates may result in increased plasma levels of the drug and, consequently, in adverse drug effects. Two cases of patients who smoked tobacco and cannabis are reported. The first patient, who was receiving clozapine treatment, developed confusion after tobacco and cannabis smoking cessation, which was related to increased clozapine plasma levels. The second patient, who was receiving olanzapine treatment, showed important extrapyramidal motor symptoms after reducing his tobacco consumption. The clinical implication of these observations is that smoking patients treated with CYP1A2 substrate antipsychotics should regularly be monitored with regard to their smoking consumption in order to adjust doses in cases of a reduction or increase in smoking.
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Rapport de synthèse1. Partie de laboratoireCette première étude décrit le développement et la validation, selon les standards internationaux, de deux techniques de mesure des concentrations sanguines de voriconazole, un nouvel agent antifongique à large spectre: 1) la chromatographic en phase liquide à haute pression et 2) le bio-essai utilisant une souche mutante de Candida hypersensible au voriconazole. Ce travail a aussi permis de mettre en évidence une importante et imprévisible variabilité inter- et intra-individuelle des concentrations sanguines de voriconazole malgré l'utilisation des doses recommandées par le fabriquant. Ce travail a été publié dans un journal avec "peer-review": "Variability of voriconazole plasma levels measured by new high- performance liquid chromatography and bioassay methods" by A. Pascual, V. Nieth, T. Calandra, J. Bille, S. Bolay, L.A. Decosterd, T. Buclin, P.A. Majcherczyk, D. Sanglard, 0. Marchetti. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 2007; 51:137-432. Partie CliniqueCette deuxième étude a évalué de façon prospective l'impact clinique des concentrations sanguines de voriconazole sur l'efficacité et sécurité thérapeutique chez des patients atteints d'infections fongiques. Des concentrations sanguines élevées étaient significativement associés à la survenue d'une toxicité neurologique (encéphalopathie avec confusion, hallucinations et myoclonies) et des concentrations sanguines basses à une réponse insuffisante au traitement antifongique (persistance ou progression des signes cliniques et radiologiques de l'infection). Dans la majorité des cas, un ajustement de la dose de voriconazole, sur la base des concentrations mesurées, a abouti à une récupération neurologique complète ou à une résolution de l'infection, respectivement. Ce travail a été publié dans un journal avec "peer-review": " Voriconazole Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Patients with Invasive Mycoses Improves Efficacy and Safety Outcomes" by A. Pascual, T. Calandra, S. Bolay, T. Buclin, J. Bille, and O. Marchetti. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2008 January 15; 46(2): 201-11.Ces deux études, financées de façon conjointe par un "grant" international de la Société suisse d'infectiologie et la Société internationale de maladies infectieuses et par la Fondation pour le progrès en microbiologie médicale et maladies infectieuses (FAMMID, Lausanne), ont été réalisées au sein du Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Département de Médecine, au CHUV, en étroite collaboration avec la Division de Pharmacologie Clinique, Département de Médecine, au CHUV et l'Institut de Microbiologie du CHUV et de l'Université de Lausanne.
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Background and aim of the study: Formation of implicit memory during general anaesthesia is still debated. Perceptual learning is the ability to learn to perceive. In this study, an auditory perceptual learning paradigm, using frequency discrimination, was performed to investigate the implicit memory. It was hypothesized that auditory stimulation would successfully induce perceptual learning. Thus, initial thresholds of the frequency discrimination postoperative task should be lower for the stimulated group (group S) compared to the control group (group C). Material and method: Eighty-seven patients ASA I-III undergoing visceral and orthopaedic surgery during general anaesthesia lasting more than 60 minutes were recruited. The anaesthesia procedure was standardized (BISR monitoring included). Group S received auditory stimulation (2000 pure tones applied for 45 minutes) during the surgery. Twenty-four hours after the operation, both groups performed ten blocks of the frequency discrimination task. Mean of the thresholds for the first three blocks (T1) were compared between groups. Results: Mean age and BIS value of group S and group C are respectively 40 } 11 vs 42 } 11 years (p = 0,49) and 42 } 6 vs 41 } 8 (p = 0.87). T1 is respectively 31 } 33 vs 28 } 34 (p = 0.72) in group S and C. Conclusion: In our study, no implicit memory during general anaesthesia was demonstrated. This may be explained by a modulation of the auditory evoked potentials caused by the anaesthesia, or by an insufficient longer time of repetitive stimulation to induce perceptual learning.
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Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug, however its effects on cognitive functions underling safe driving remain mostly unexplored. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of cannabis on the driving ability of occasional smokers, by investigating changes in the brain network involved in a tracking task. The subject characteristics, the percentage of Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the joint, and the inhaled dose were in accordance with real-life conditions. Thirty-one male volunteers were enrolled in this study that includes clinical and toxicological aspects together with functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and measurements of psychomotor skills. The fMRI paradigm was based on a visuo-motor tracking task, alternating active tracking blocks with passive tracking viewing and rest condition. We show that cannabis smoking, even at low Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol blood concentrations, decreases psychomotor skills and alters the activity of the brain networks involved in cognition. The relative decrease of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent response (BOLD) after cannabis smoking in the anterior insula, dorsomedial thalamus, and striatum compared to placebo smoking suggests an alteration of the network involved in saliency detection. In addition, the decrease of BOLD response in the right superior parietal cortex and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicates the involvement of the Control Executive network known to operate once the saliencies are identified. Furthermore, cannabis increases activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, suggesting an increase in self-oriented mental activity. Subjects are more attracted by intrapersonal stimuli ("self") and fail to attend to task performance, leading to an insufficient allocation of task-oriented resources and to sub-optimal performance. These effects correlate with the subjective feeling of confusion rather than with the blood level of Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol. These findings bolster the zero-tolerance policy adopted in several countries that prohibits the presence of any amount of drugs in blood while driving.
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A cross-over controlled administration study of smoked cannabis was carried out on occasional and heavy smokers. The participants smoked a joint (11 % Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) or a matching placebo on two different occasions. Whole blood (WB) and oral fluid (OF) samples were collected before and up to 3.5 h after smoking the joints. Pharmacokinetic analyses were obtained from these data. Questionnaires assessing the subjective effects were administered to the subjects during each session before and after the smoking time period. THC, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) were analyzed in the blood by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The determination of THC, THCCOOH, cannabinol (CBN), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THC-A) was carried out on OF only using LC-MS/MS. In line with the widely accepted assumption that cannabis smoking results in a strong contamination of the oral cavity, we found that THC, and also THC-A, shows a sharp, high concentration peak just after smoking, with a rapid decrease in these levels within 3 h. No obvious differences were found between both groups concerning THC median maximum concentrations measured either in blood or in OF; these levels were equal to 1,338 and 1,041 μg/L in OF and to 82 and 94 μg/L in WB for occasional and heavy smokers, respectively. The initial WB THCCOOH concentration was much higher in regular smokers than in occasional users. Compared with the occasional smokers, the sensation of confusion felt by the regular smokers was much less while the feeling of intoxication remained almost unchanged.
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In natural settings the same sound source is often heard repeatedly, with variations in spectro-temporal and spatial characteristics. We investigated how such repetitions influence sound representations and in particular how auditory cortices keep track of recently vs. often heard objects. A set of 40 environmental sounds was presented twice, i.e. as prime and as repeat, while subjects categorized the corresponding sound sources as living vs. non-living. Electrical neuroimaging analyses were applied to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) comparing primes vs. repeats (effect of presentation) and the four experimental sections. Dynamic analysis of distributed source estimations revealed i) a significant main effect of presentation within the left temporal convexity at 164-215ms post-stimulus onset; and ii) a significant main effect of section in the right temporo-parietal junction at 166-213ms. A 3-way repeated measures ANOVA (hemisphere×presentation×section) applied to neural activity of the above clusters during the common time window confirmed the specificity of the left hemisphere for the effect of presentation, but not that of the right hemisphere for the effect of section. In conclusion, spatio-temporal dynamics of neural activity encode the temporal history of exposure to sound objects. Rapidly occurring plastic changes within the semantic representations of the left hemisphere keep track of objects heard a few seconds before, independent of the more general sound exposure history. Progressively occurring and more long-lasting plastic changes occurring predominantly within right hemispheric networks, which are known to code for perceptual, semantic and spatial aspects of sound objects, keep track of multiple exposures.
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In 1959, Swerdlow reported a case of a 27-year-old woman with a pelvic tumour that seemed to arise from the peritoneum, in the presence of normal ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus, and that was histologically similar to papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary [52]. Since then several authors have described this disease using different names, such as extraovarian primary peritoneal carcinoma (EOPPC), peritoneal papillary serous carcinoma, peritoneal adenocarcinoma of Müllerian type, serous surface papillary carcinoma, normal sized ovary carcinoma syndrome, peritoneal mesothelioma, and primary peritoneal carcinoma. This illustrates the confusion about definition, histogenesis and clinicopathologic features of this entity. In 1993, in an attempt to sort out these confounding variables, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) developed criteria to define EOPPC: - Both ovaries must be either physiologically normal in size or enlarged by a benign process. - The involvement in extraovarian sites must be greater than the involvement on the surface of either ovary. - Microscopically, the ovarian component must be one of the following: non existent; confined to ovarian surface epithelium with no evidence of cortical invasion; involving ovarian surface epithelium and underlying cortical stroma but with tumour size less than 5x5mm within ovarian substance with or without surface disease. The histological and cytological characteristics of the tumour must be predominantly of the serous type that is similar or identical to ovarian serous adenocarcinoma of any grade [8, 55].
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Si on raconte volontiers que les Muses sont des divinités féminines d'origine grecque, en lien avec l'art et à l'inspiration, on est toutefois bien démuni lorsqu'il s'agit d'en présenter une image claire. Liées qu'elles sont aux mystères de la création, elles ne s'inscrivent que difficilement dans notre vision pragmatique et utilitaire du monde, - et par suite dans les concepts, catégories et autres réflexes inhérents à notre raison moderne. N'étant pas des figures historiques factuelles et univoques, mais des déesses et personnages mythiques, par définition multiples et ambigus, elles sont impossibles à déterminer en bonne et due forme en leur complexe réalité. Comment faire alors pour ne pas se fourvoyer en se mettant à l'écoute des Muses telles qu'elles apparaissent à l'aube de notre tradition, dans les textes de la Grèce archaïque (8è-5è s. av. J.-C.) ? Il faut d'abord constituer un corpus cohérent : à l'exception des tragédies et comédies ainsi que des écrits aujourd'hui classés en philosophie, l'étude prend en considération tous les passages explicitement ou implicitement musicaux de cette époque - un ensemble de 250 extraits de 22 auteurs et 2 corpus de textes pour un total de 279 occurrences musicales. Il s'agit ensuite de faire un pari : gager que loin d'être de simples fictions ou enjolivures, les Muses ont une existence, importance et partant influence bien réelle pour les Grecs ; que chacune de leurs mentions ou évocations exprime une expérience sincère, dénuée de faux-semblant et forte d'une certaine cohérence logique. Il convient enfin d'employer - par-delà les diverses écoles et chapelles - tous les moyens d'investigation à disposition pour creuser et déployer en toute patience et toute rigueur chacun des passages qui concerne, directement ou indirectement, les divinités ; non sans à la fois tout mettre en oeuvre pour ne pas y plaquer nos vues et par suite éviter tout anachronisme. Au vu des divergences que présentent les textes - en fonction de l'époque, des genres poétiques, sans doute également de la sensibilité des auteurs et de la nature de leur auditoire -, on a tôt fait de remarquer que loin de former une vérité unique, les multiples indications musicales constituent bien plutôt une somme de vérités successives, tantôt individuelles, propres à tel ou tel chanteur ou chanteur-poète, tantôt communes à quelques-uns, parfois semblables chez tous. Dépendantes à la fois de la tradition et de l'expérience individuelle, elles présentent somme toute une instructive multiplicité de constantes et de variantes. L'enjeu de chacun des six mouvements du travail - qui concernent respectivement les chants d'Homère, d'Hésiode, des Hymnes homériques, les fragments lyriques, ainsi que les vers de Pindare et de Bacchylide - est de repérer, dévoiler et valoriser les continuités et divergences à l'oeuvre. Les résultats ont été synthétisés dans autant de reprises, à chaque fois centrées sur les questions rectrices de l'origine, de la nature, des rôles et de l'influence des Muses, dans le but de dégager l'image la plus nette possible des divinités et de gagner une vue d'ensemble inédite offrant un nouvel éclairage du phénomène musical à ses origines. S'il ne fallait retenir que trois gains, ce seraient ceux-ci: 1. Bien que mêlant quantité de ressemblances et de dissemblances a priori fantaisistes, la pléthore d'attributs et d'épithètes musicaux s'inscrit dans une étonnante logique - appelée musicale -, qui déborde par maints côtés notre vision rationnelle-morale du monde. 2. Si les rapports qu'entretiennent les chanteurs et chanteurs-poètes avec les Muses sont multiples et s'inscrivent dans un mouvement non linéaire, ils se situent cependant entre deux relations extrêmes, allant de la « fusion » (Homère) à la « confusion » (Bacchylide). 3. Se faisant jour pour célébrer et rappeler les hauts-faits divins ou/et humains du monde, la tâche des Muses s'avère finalement de l'ordre de l'éducation : par l'intermédiaire des chanteurs(-poètes), elles ouvrent les hommes à l'équilibre et à l'harmonie de toute chose au sein du monde.
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Increasing evidence suggests that working memory and perceptual processes are dynamically interrelated due to modulating activity in overlapping brain networks. However, the direct influence of working memory on the spatio-temporal brain dynamics of behaviorally relevant intervening information remains unclear. To investigate this issue, subjects performed a visual proximity grid perception task under three different visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) load conditions. VSWM load was manipulated by asking subjects to memorize the spatial locations of 6 or 3 disks. The grid was always presented between the encoding and recognition of the disk pattern. As a baseline condition, grid stimuli were presented without a VSWM context. VSWM load altered both perceptual performance and neural networks active during intervening grid encoding. Participants performed faster and more accurately on a challenging perceptual task under high VSWM load as compared to the low load and the baseline condition. Visual evoked potential (VEP) analyses identified changes in the configuration of the underlying sources in one particular period occurring 160-190 ms post-stimulus onset. Source analyses further showed an occipito-parietal down-regulation concurrent to the increased involvement of temporal and frontal resources in the high VSWM context. Together, these data suggest that cognitive control mechanisms supporting working memory may selectively enhance concurrent visual processing related to an independent goal. More broadly, our findings are in line with theoretical models implicating the engagement of frontal regions in synchronizing and optimizing mnemonic and perceptual resources towards multiple goals.
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Abstract The solvability of the problem of fair exchange in a synchronous system subject to Byzantine failures is investigated in this work. The fair exchange problem arises when a group of processes are required to exchange digital items in a fair manner, which means that either each process obtains the item it was expecting or no process obtains any information on, the inputs of others. After introducing a novel specification of fair exchange that clearly separates safety and liveness, we give an overview of the difficulty of solving such a problem in the context of a fully-connected topology. On one hand, we show that no solution to fair exchange exists in the absence of an identified process that every process can trust a priori; on the other, a well-known solution to fair exchange relying on a trusted third party is recalled. These two results lead us to complete our system model with a flexible representation of the notion of trust. We then show that fair exchange is solvable if and only if a connectivity condition, named the reachable majority condition, is satisfied. The necessity of the condition is proven by an impossibility result and its sufficiency by presenting a general solution to fair exchange relying on a set of trusted processes. The focus is then turned towards a specific network topology in order to provide a fully decentralized, yet realistic, solution to fair exchange. The general solution mentioned above is optimized by reducing the computational load assumed by trusted processes as far as possible. Accordingly, our fair exchange protocol relies on trusted tamperproof modules that have limited communication abilities and are only required in key steps of the algorithm. This modular solution is then implemented in the context of a pedagogical application developed for illustrating and apprehending the complexity of fair exchange. This application, which also includes the implementation of a wide range of Byzantine behaviors, allows executions of the algorithm to be set up and monitored through a graphical display. Surprisingly, some of our results on fair exchange seem contradictory with those found in the literature of secure multiparty computation, a problem from the field of modern cryptography, although the two problems have much in common. Both problems are closely related to the notion of trusted third party, but their approaches and descriptions differ greatly. By introducing a common specification framework, a comparison is proposed in order to clarify their differences and the possible origins of the confusion between them. This leads us to introduce the problem of generalized fair computation, a generalization of fair exchange. Finally, a solution to this new problem is given by generalizing our modular solution to fair exchange
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Especially in panel surveys, respondent attrition, respondent learning, and interviewer experience effects play a crucial role with respect to data quality. We examine three interview survey quality indicators in the same survey in a cross sectional as well as in a longitudinal way. In the cross sectional analysis we compare data quality in the mature original sample with that in a refreshment sample, surveyed in the same wave. Because in the same wave an interviewer survey was conducted, collecting attitudes on their socio demography, survey attitudes and burden measures, we are able to consider interviewer fixed effects as well. The longitudinal analysis gives more insight in the respondent learning effects with respect to the quality indicators considered by considering the very same respondents across waves. The Swiss Household Panel, a CATI survey representative of the Swiss residential population, forms an ideal modelling database: the interviewer - respondent assignment is random, both within and across waves. This design avoids possible confusion with other effects stemming from a non-random assignment of interviewers, e.g. area effects or effects from assigning the best interviewers to the hard cases. In order to separate interviewer, respondent and wave effects, we build cross-classified multilevel models.
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This study described elite football (soccer) goalkeepers' activity and performance in critical game situations. The 11 best French players (M age = 15.5 yr., SD = 0.5) participated in the study. Interviews focused on goalkeepers' experiences were conducted to identify meaningful events involved in failed actions. Players formulated 23 critical game situations. Verbatim encoding using a thematic analysis indicated that four main categories (coming off the line, goal-line clearance, one-on-one, and diving) represented the most critical situations encountered during matches. The relations among experience and action, inner states, background, attention contents, and intentions were elucidated. The discussion is grounded on the properties of such critical game situations and their implications for improving goalkeepers' performance.