Das GRADE-System: ein internationaler Ansatz zur Vereinheitlichung der Graduierung von Evidenz und Empfehlungen in Leitlinien. [The GRADE System: an international approach to standardize the graduation of evidence and recommendations in guidelines]

Clinical practice guidelines have become an important source of information to support clinicians in the management of individual patients. However, current guideline methods have limitations that include the lack of separating the quality of evidence from the strength of recommendations. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group, an international collaboration of guideline developers, methodologists, and clinicians have developed a system that addresses these shortcomings. Core elements include transparent methodology for grading the quality of evidence, the distinction between quality of the evidence and strength of a recommendation, an explicit balancing of benefits and harms of health care interventions, an explicit recognition of the values and preferences that underlie recommendations. The GRADE system has been piloted in various practice settings to ensure that it captures the complexity involved in evidence assessment and grading recommendations while maintaining simplicity and practicality. Many guideline organizations and medical societies have endorsed the system and adopted it for their guideline processes.

Politische Gemeinden und lokale Autonomie in der Schweiz : eine Studie zur normativen Bedeutung und empirischen Erfassung der Gemeindeautonomie und ihrer Ausprägung im kantonalen und lokalen Vergleich

Les communes politiques suisses et leur autonomie font l'objet de l'étude présente. Les communes sont des éléments incontestés de la structure territoriale, politique et administrative des cantons. Bien que le terme d'autonomie communale soit de grande importance dans tous discours concernant les relations entre les cantons et leurs communes, aucun consensus n'existe sur la définition et le contenu exact de cette autonomie. A ce jour, la majorité des études sur l'autonomie locale en Suisse sont de nature juridique. L'étude présente ne se restreint pas aux seuls aspects légaux de l'autonomie mais elle inclut aussi l'autonomie d'un point de vue politique, économique et social. Dans la première partie, un modèle de recherche s'appuyant sur des théories normatives et empiriques de l'autonomie locale est proposé. En deuxième partie de l'étude, l'autonomie des communes suisses est déterminée à l'aide du modèle en question. Les résultats de l'enquête démontrent que les différentes formes de l'autonomie communale - soit l'autonomie juridique, politique, économique et sociale - varient fortement selon l'appartenance cantonale et la taille des communes.

Verbrennungen--Von der Bagatelle zur Katastrophe [Burns--from trifle case to mass casualty]

Burn injuries are very frequent, most being trifle cases. Nevertheless every year about 200 patients need to be treated in one of the two specialised Swiss burns centres. Admission criteria are burns > 15% body surface or burns to critical areas (face neck, hands, genitalia, joints) and electrical injuries. The paper reviews the physiophathology of the burn wound which differs depending on the thermal or electrical aetiology. The airway may be threatened due to true inhalation, but also to burns to the face or neck. In major burns >20% body surface in adults, or > 10% in children, fluid resuscitation will be required; oral hydration is generally sufficient by smaller burns. Surgical treatment of 2nd and 3rd degree burns starts within the first 24 days after injury. While complex treatment is generally available in peace time, a major accident such as a disco-fire that can generate hundreds casualties in a few minutes, can threaten our system and force the adoption of triage rules, and simplified treatments. Attitudes to adopt in such conditions are discussed.