One naive T cell, multiple fates in CD8+ T cell differentiation.

The mechanism by which the immune system produces effector and memory T cells is largely unclear. To allow a large-scale assessment of the development of single naive T cells into different subsets, we have developed a technology that introduces unique genetic tags (barcodes) into naive T cells. By comparing the barcodes present in antigen-specific effector and memory T cell populations in systemic and local infection models, at different anatomical sites, and for TCR-pMHC interactions of different avidities, we demonstrate that under all conditions tested, individual naive T cells yield both effector and memory CD8+ T cell progeny. This indicates that effector and memory fate decisions are not determined by the nature of the priming antigen-presenting cell or the time of T cell priming. Instead, for both low and high avidity T cells, individual naive T cells have multiple fates and can differentiate into effector and memory T cell subsets.

Multiple origins of invasive and "native" water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) in Switzerland

The marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) has been introduced in many places of Central and Western Europe due to commercial trades with Eastern Europe, and is rapidly replacing the native pool frog (P. lessonae). A large number of Pelophylax species are distributed in Eastern Europe and the strong phenotypic similarity between these species is rendering their identification hazardous. Consequently, alien populations of Pelophylax might not strictly be composed of P. ridibundus as previously suspected. In the present study, we analyzed the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 genes of introduced and native Pelophylax from Switzerland (299 individuals), in order to properly identify the source populations of the invaders and the genetic status of the native species. Our study highlighted the occurrence of several genetic lineages of invasive frogs in western Switzerland. Unexpectedly, we also showed that several populations of the native pool frog (P. lessonae) cluster with the Italian pool frog P. bergeri from central Italy (considered by some authors as a subspecies of P. lessonae) Hence, these populations are probably also the result of introductions, meaning that the number of native P. lessonae populations is less important than expected in Switzerland. These findings have important implications concerning the conservation of the endemic pool frog populations, as the presence of multiple alien species could strongly affect their long-term subsistence.

Corticosterone regulates multiple colour traits in Lacerta [Zootoca] vivipara males.

Ornamental colours usually evolve as honest signals of quality, which is supported by the fact that they frequently depend on individual condition. It has generally been suggested that some, but not all types of ornamental colours are condition dependent, indicating that different evolutionary mechanisms underlie the evolution of multiple types of ornamental colours even when these are exhibited by the same species. Stress hormones, which negatively affect condition, have been shown to affect colour traits based on different pigments and structures, suggesting that they mediate condition dependence of multiple ornament types both among and within individuals. However, studies investigating effects of stress hormones on different ornament types within individuals are lacking, and thus, evidence for this hypothesis is scant. Here, we investigated whether corticosterone mediates condition dependence of multiple ornaments by manipulating corticosterone levels and body condition (via food availability) using a two-factorial design and by assessing their effect on multiple colour traits in male common lizards. Corticosterone negatively affected ventral melanin- and carotenoid-based coloration, whereas food availability did not affect coloration, despite its significant effect on body condition. The corticosterone effect on melanin- and carotenoid-based coloration demonstrates the condition dependence of both ornaments. Moreover, corticosterone affected ventral coloration and had no effect on the nonsexually selected dorsal coloration, showing specific effects of corticosterone on ornamental ventral colours. This suggests that corticosterone simultaneously mediates condition dependence of multiple colour traits and that it therefore accounts for covariation among them, which may influence their evolution via correlational selection.

Bitumens in the late Variscan hydrothermal vein-type uranium deposit of Pribram, Czech Republic: Sources, radiation-induced alteration, and relation to mineralization

The late Variscan (275-278 Ma) Pribram uranium deposit is one of the largest known accumulations of uraniferous bitumens in hydrothermal veins. The deposit extends along the northwestern boundary of the Central Bohemian pluton (345-335 Ma) with low-grade metamorphosed Late Proterozoic and unmetamorphosed Cambrian rocks. From a net uranium production of 41,742 metric tons (t), more than 6,000 t were extracted from bitumen-uraninite ores during 43 years of exploration and mining. Three morphological varieties of solid bitumen are recognized: globular, asphaltlike, and cokelike. While the globular bitumen is uranium free, the other two types are uraniferous. The amount of bitumen in ore veins gradually decreases toward the contact with the plutonic body and increases with depth. Two types of bitumen microtextures are recognized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy: amorphous and microporous, the former being less common in uraniferous samples. A lower Raman peak area ratio (1,360/1,575 cm(-1)) in mineralized bitumens (0.9) compared with uranium-free samples (2.0) indicates a lower degree of microtextural organization in the latter The H/C and O/C atomic ratios in uranium-free bitumens (0.9-1.1 and 0.09, respectively) are higher than those in mineralized samples (H/C = 0.3-0.8, O/C = 0.03-0.09). The chloroform extractable matter yield is Very low in uranium-free bitumens (0.30-0.35% of the total organic carbon,TOC) and decreases with uranium content increase. The extracted solid uraniferous bitumen infrared spectra show depletion in aliphatic CH2 and CH3 groups compared to uranium-free samples. The concentration of oxygen-bearing functional groups relative to aromatic bonds in the IR spectra of uranium-free and mineralized bitumen, however, do not differ significantly. C-13 NMR confirmed than the aromaticity of a uraniferous sample is higher (F-ar = 0.61) than in the uranium-free bitumen (F-ar = 0.51). Pyrolysates from uraniferous and nonuraniferous bitumens do not differ significantly, being predominantly cresol, alkylphenols, alkylbenzenes, and alkylnaphthalenes. The liquid pyrolysate yield decreases significantly with increasing uranium content. The delta(13)C Values of bulk uranium-free bitumens and low-grade uraniferous, asphaltlike bitumens range from -43.6 to 52.3 per mil. High-grade, cokelike, uraniferous bitumens are more C-13 depleted (54.5 to -58.4 parts per thousand). In contrast to the very light isotopic ratios of the high-grade uraniferous cokelike bitumen bulk carbon, the individual n-alkanes and isoprenoids (pristane and phytane) extracted from the same sample are significantly C-13 enriched. The isotopic composition of the C13-24 n-alkanes extracted from the high-grade uraniferous sample (delta(13)C = -28.0 to 32.6 parts per thousand) are heavier compared with the same compounds in a uranium-free sample (delta(13)C = 31.9 to 33.8 parts per thousand). It is proposed that the bitumen source was the isotopically light (delta(13)C = 35.8 to 30.2 parts per thousand) organic matter of the Upper Proterozoic host rocks that were pyrolyzed during intrusion of the Central Bohemian pluton. The C-13- depleted pyrolysates were mobilized from the innermost part of the contact-metamorphic aureole, accumulated in structural traps in less thermally influenced parts of the sedimentary complex and were later extracted by hydrothermal fluids. Bitumens at the Pribram deposit are younger than the main part of the uranium mineralization and were formed through water-washing and radiation-induced polymerization of both the gaseous and liquid pyrolysates. Direct evidence for pyrolysate reduction of uranium in the hydrothermal system is difficult to obtain as the chemical composition of the original organic fluid phase was modified during water-washing and radiolytic alteration. However, indirect evidence-e.g., higher O/C atomic ratios in uranium-free bitumens (0.1) relative to the Upper Proterozoic source rocks (0.02-0.05), isotopically very light carbon in associated whewellite (delta(13)C = 31.7 to -28.4 parts per thousand), and the striking absence of bitumens in the pre-uranium, hematite stage of the mineralization-indicates that oxidation of organic fluids may have contributed to lowering of aO(2) and uraninite precipitation.

Multifocalité du carcinome épidermoïde sur les voies digestive supérieure et respiratoire distale : technicité du diagnostic endoscopique [Multiple squamous cell carcinoma of the upper digestive and lower respiratory tracts : methodology of endoscopic screening]

L'étude porte sur 951 porteurs d'un cancer primaire bucco-pharyngo-laryngé, et révèle un taux de multifocalité du carcinome épidermoïde sur les voies digestive supérieure (bouche-pharynx-oesophage) et aérienne distale (larynx-trachée-bronches) s'élevant à 14,5 %. Les secondes localisations peuvent être simultanées (6,4 %) ou successives (8,1 %) à la découverte du premier cancer: dès la deuxième année du follow-up leur incidence dépasse celle des récidives. Elles se localisent tant au niveau ORL (8,5 %) qu'oesophagien (3 %) ou bronchique (3 %). Le cancer du voile présente un taux de multifocalité particulièrement élevé (51 %). Les auteurs décrivent un type d'endoscopie de dépistage (bucco-pharyngo-oesophago-laryngo-trachéobronchoscopie) dont la fiabilité repose sur une technicité spécifique d'une part, et sur la connaissance des caractéristiques propres aux secondes localisations d'autre part. Ce dépistage systématique permet de détecter les tumeurs secondaires à un stade le plus souvent précoce et encore asymptomatique.

Cytokine mRNA profile of Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated highly differentiated T cells in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study.

The reason why EBV-specific cellular immune responses are abnormal in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is still missing. In this exploratory pilot study, we assessed IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1 and FOXP3 mRNA expression in EBV-stimulated highly differentiated T cells (T(HD)) of MS patients and healthy controls (HC). We found increased levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA in CD8+ T(HD) cells of MS patients. All the other tested molecules were expressed similarly in MS patients and HC. Interestingly, increased IFN-gamma and IL-4 suggest that the control of EBV replication may be insufficient in MS patients.

African tick-bite fever: a new entity in the differential diagnosis of multiple eschars in travelers. Description of five cases imported from South Africa to Switzerland.

African tick-bite fever (ATBF) is a newly described spotted fever rickettsiosis that frequently presents with multiple eschars in travelers returning from sub-Saharan Africa and, to a lesser extent, from the West Indies. It is caused by the bite of an infected Amblyomma tick, whose hunting habits explain the typical presence of multiple inoculation skin lesions and the occurrence of clustered cases. The etiological agent of ATBF is Rickettsia africae, an emerging tick-borne pathogenic bacterium. We describe herein a cluster of five cases of ATBF occurring in Swiss travelers returning from South Africa. The co-incidental infections in these five patients and the presence of multiple inoculation eschars, two features pathognomonic of this rickettsial disease, suggested the diagnosis of ATBF. Indeed, the presence of at least one inoculation eschar is observed in 53-100% of cases and multiple eschars in 21-54%. Two patients presented regional lymphadenitis and one a mild local lymphangitis. Though a cutaneous rash is described in 15-46% of cases, no rash was observed in our series. ATBF was confirmed by serology. Thus, ATBF has recently emerged as one of the most important causes of flu-like illness in travelers returning from Southern Africa. The presence of one or multiple eschars of inoculation is an important clinical clue to the diagnosis. It can be confirmed by serology or by PCR of a biopsy of the eschar. Culture can also be done in reference laboratories. Dermatologists and primary care physicians should know this clinical entity, since an inexpensive and efficient treatment is available.

Increased EBV Reactivation in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Early Multiple Sclerosis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been consistently associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but whether this virus is a trigger of MS remains undetermined. Recently, EBV-infected B cells recognized by activated CD8_ T cells have been detected in the meninges of autopsied MS patients. In addition, a strong EBV-specific CD8_ T cell response in the blood of patients with MS of recent onset was reported. Here, to further explore the putative relationship between MS and EBV, we assessed the EBV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with early MS or other neurological diseases, separated into inflammatory (IOND) and non-inflammatory (NIOND) groups. The MS non-associated neurotropic herpesvirus cytomegalovirus (CMV) served as a control. Fifty-eight study subjects were enrolled, including 44 patients (13 with early MS (onset of MS less than one year prior to the assay), 15 with IOND and 16 with NIOND) in the immunological arm of the study. The cellular immune response was investigated using a functional CFSE cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay performed with short-term cultured EBV- or CMVspecific effector T cells from the CSF and the blood. The humoral immune response specific for these two viruses was also examined in both the blood and the CSF. The recruitment of a given virusspecific antibody in the CSF as compared to the blood was expressed as antibody indexes (AI). We found that, in the CSF of early MS patients, there was an enrichment in EBV-, but not CMV-specific, CD8_ CTL as compared to the CSF of IOND (P_ 0.003) and NIOND patients (P_0.0009), as well as compared to paired blood samples (P_0.005). Additionally, relative viral capsid antigen (VCA)-, but not EBV encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)- or CMV-specific, AI were increased in the CSF of early MS as compared to IOND (P_0.002) or NIOND patients (P_0.008) and correlated with the EBVspecific CD8_ CTL responses in the CSF (rs_0.54, P_0.001). Fourteen additional patients were enrolled in the virological arm of the study: using semi-nested PCR, EBV-encoded nuclear RNA1 (EBER1)-a transcript expressed during all stages of EBV infection-was detected in the CSF of 2/4 early MS, but only 1/6 IOND and 0/4 NIOND patients. Altogether, our data suggest that a reactivation of EBV, but not CMV, is taking place in the central nervous system of patients with MS of recent onset. These data significantly strengthen the link between EBV and MS and may indicate a triggering role of EBV in this disease. This work was supported by grants from the Swiss National Foundation and from the Swiss Society for Multiple Sclerosis.

Modifications neurocomportementales secondaires à la sclérose en plaques [Neurobehavioral changes occurring during multiple sclerosis]

Behavioral changes occurring in patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MSI are often neglected by physicians but are actually part of the clinical spectrum of the disease. In addition, they are known to be responsible for a decline in the quality of life of MS patients. Recently, there has been a growing interest to investigate changes in the emotional experience of MS patients and their decision making, showing that the ability to take advantageous decisions was altered in MS. This paper reviews existing data on this topic.

Pour une histoire croisée des dispositifs audiovisuels et des sciences du psychisme autour de 1900 : la construction du spectateur cinématographique

Réalisée dans le cadre du projet de recherche initié à la section d'histoire et esthétique du cinéma de l'Université de Lausanne autour du concept « d'Épistémè 1900 », cette thèse cherche à mettre en rapport dialogique deux « ensembles » formés par l'histoire du cinéma et l'histoire des sciences du psychisme dans une période circonscrite entre 1880 et 1910. Il s'agit de repenser les liens entre cinéma et sciences du psychisme, chacun de ces ensembles discursifs étant traités au même niveau en tant qu'objets historiques de savoir qui ont des choses à nous apprendre sur le cinéma en tant que phénomène culturel, anthropologique et social. Au passage du siècle, cinéma et sciences du psychisme se rencontrent au coeur d'une nouvelle problématisation du sujet définie par des savoirs scientifiques et parascientifiques alors confrontés aux phénomènes intriguants de l'hystérie et de l'hypnose. L'hystérie et l'hypnose provoquent des états nerveux lesquels constituent un terrain propice au développement de sujets divisés, hallucinés et intrancés, conduisant les médecins et psychologues à remettre en question l'idée d'un moi homogène et contrôlé. L'expansion d'une culture névrotique fabriquant à la chaîne des corps automatiques voués à leur inconscient cérébral permet de rapprocher le cinéma et les théories du psychisme sur une base qui a été rarement explorée jusqu'ici, en particulier relativement à la construction (théorique) du spectateur de cinéma. Si le dispositif cinématographique en tant que technique, représentation et modèle de pensée reprend à son compte l'imaginaire médical de cette époque, il contribue également en retour à façonner une conception de la subjectivité étroitement tributaire des technologies contemporaines et des fantasmes qu'elles génèrent. Aux côtés des personnages hystériques filmés par les premiers opérateurs, les spectateurs tels que décrits dans les textes-sources participent, d'une part à attester de la persistance du modèle neuro-pathologique dans la culture visuelle du début du XXe siècle, et d'autre part à transformer la vision savante du sujet dans ses rapports perceptifs et affectifs avec le monde environnant. C'est donc dans une logique d'interactions réciproques qu'il faut envisager les rapports entre le cinéma (conçu ici essentiellement comme comme un dispositif réunissant un appareillage, une image et un spectateur) et les connaissances relatives à l'intériorité psychique qui s'élaborent dans le domaine des sciences médico-psychologiques. Pour étudier ces rapports, j'ai choisi la figure du spectateur puisque les théories du psychisme s'intéressent prioritairement à l'humain et à sa subjectivité. À partir de cette figure-clé, j'ai tenté de montrer comment le spectacle cinématographique et les sciences du psychisme participent à des réflexions sur l'avènement d'une nouvelle forme de subjectivité consonante avec la modernité, une modernité qui bouleverse la manière d'envisager le fonctionnement de l'appareil psychique, donc les rapports de l'individu à soi-même et à ses images, mais aussi aux autres et au monde en général. Les croisements entre le sujet du cinéma et le sujet des sciences du psychisme s'effectuent autour de quatre paradigmes selon moi définitoires de la subjectivité autour de 1900 et structurant l'ensemble de cette recherche : la fatigue, le choc, l'hallucination et l'hypnose. En parcourant les sources, on s'aperçoit en effet qu'elles envisagent le corps humain tantôt comme une machine (un corps thermodynamique et électrophysiologique), tantôt comme hystérique ou neurasthénique (un corps traumatique et dysfonctionnel), tantôt comme rêveur (un corps producteur d'images et de sons perçus sur un mode hallucinatoire), tantôt comme hypermnésique (un corps de « clichés-souvenirs » emmagasinés à l'infini), tantôt comme hypnotisé (un corps suggestionné et contagieux). Tous ces corps, au final, ne forment qu'un seul corps générique, c'est-à-dire construisent et qualifient le corps nerveux des sciences du psychisme qui se manifeste sous différentes facettes en fonction des pathologies et des situations. À la fois unique et multiple, ce corps nerveux subsume le corpsmachine, le corps traumatisé, le corps halluciné et le corps hypnotisé qui font l'objet d'analyse détaillées dans les différentes parties de la thèse. Ces quatre grands « corps » retenus comme autant de déclinaisons possibles du corps nerveux sont directement mis en rapport avec quatre concepts : la fatigue, le choc, l'hallucination et l'hypnose - ce choix s'imposant face au constat de leur récurrence suite au dépouillement de nombreuses sources. J'ai tenté, au cours de ce travail, de défendre plusieurs hypothèses (ou séries d'hypothèses) relatives à l'avènement du spectateur cinématographique autour de 1900. Corrélées les unes aux autres, elles gagnent à être comprises ensemble. 1) Les sciences du psychisme et les discours sur les spectacles et dispositifs audiovisuels contribuent, dans leurs échanges, à la construction du sujet moderne, un sujet né de la révolution industrielle et s'épanouissant grâce à la culture de masse. La culture de masse met en scène des corps nerveux (automatiques, traumatisés, hallucinés et hypnotisés) dont la démultiplication sous différentes formes et en différents lieux fait émerger un nouveau modèle de subjectivité. Si le cinéma constitue un laboratoire expérimental du corps nerveux, il participe également à la transformation du corps nerveux en sujet nerveux, c'est-à-dire en un sujet moderne jouissant d'un nervosisme mué en modèle culturel. 2) Le cinématographe devient autour de 1900 un dispositif modélisateur pour les sciences du psychisme qui conceptualisent le fonctionnement de l'appareil psychique sous les espèces d'une machine projetant des sons et des images. En tant qu'opérateur de pensée, le cinéma offre une pluralité de modèles épistémologiques possibles, suivant que l'on s'intéresse à son fonctionnement général, ses détails techniques, ses effets sur les spectateurs, sa dimension spectaculaire et populaire. Par conséquent, le cinéma peut étayer une variété d'objets dans le champ des sciences médicales : le corps, l'esprit, la pensée, l'imagination, le rêve, l'hallucination, l'hypnose, la psychose ; mais aussi le corps individuel ou social, qu'ils soient sains ou malades. C'est sur cette base, j'en viens à penser que le spectateur de cinéma sert de modèle au sujet nerveux des sciences médicales. 3) Le rôle modélisateur du cinéma provoque en effet des modifications dans la manière de théoriser le corps nerveux puisqu'il fait transiter le corps nerveux de la psychopathologie vers le sujet nerveux de la culture spectaculaire moderne. Le spectateur du cinéma des premiers temps apparaît comme le prototype du sujet sidéré par le spectacle du monde moderne, prenant plaisir à être surstimulé et se prêtant volontiers au jeu de l'illusion de réalité. Actualisant un modèle de spectatorialité ambivalent, balançant entre hystérie et hypnose, le spectateur cinématographique intègre les codes de la maladie nerveuse pour leur donner une nouvelle dimension (esthétique, artistique) sur la scène sociale. 4) Les trois premières séries d'hypothèses ne peuvent être validées que si l'on examine comment les discours sur le cinéma pré-institutionnel se sont appropriés la culture du corps nerveux, de sorte à façonner un modèle de spectatorialité étayé sur les valeurs féminines d'impressionnabilité, d'excitabilité et de sentimentalité (des valeurs culturellement construites). Partant, j'ai voulu montrer que si durant la première phase de son histoire, le spectacle cinématographique fait l'objet d'une hystéricisation de la part des discours qui l'annexent à la sphère féminine de la culture de masse, dans sa phase d'institutionnalisation, on assiste à un processus de masculinisation du modèle spectatoriel (mais également, des lieux d'exibition, du mode de production, du mode de représentation, etc.).

Origin and outcome of multiple pregnancies in Bern, Switzerland, 1995-2006 and the current proposal of the Swiss parliament to revise the Swiss law of reproductive medicine: Switzerland quo vadis?

INTRODUCTION: Infertility treatments are a major source of the increase in multiple pregnancies (MPs). AIMS: The aims of the present study were (1.) to investigate the origin and maternal/neonatal outcomes of MP and (2.) to review the different measures that can be adopted to reduce these serious complications. METHODS: The study included all women with multiple births between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2006 at the University Hospital of Bern, Switzerland. The outcomes associated with the various origins of MP (natural conception, ovarian stimulation [OS] ‒ in-vitro fertilisation [IVF-ICSI]) were analysed using a multinomial logistic regression model. An analysis of the Swiss law on reproductive medicine and its current proposed revision, as well as a literature review using Pubmed, was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 592 MP were registered, 91% (n = 537) resulted in live births. There was significantly more neonatal/maternal morbidity in MP after OS compared with natural conception and even with the IVF-ICSI group. With a policy of elective single embryo transfer (eSET), twin rates after IVF-ICSI can be reduced to <5% and triplets to <1%. CONCLUSIONS: After OS, more triplets are found and the outcome of MP is worse. MP is known to be associated with morbidity, mortality, and economic and social risks. To counteract these complications (1.) better training for physicians performing OS should be encouraged and (2.) the Swiss law on reproductive medicine needs to be changed, with the introduction of eSET policies. This would lead to a dramatic decrease in neonatal and maternal morbidity/mortality as well as significant cost reductions for the Swiss healthcare system.

A step-by-step tutorial to use HierFstat to analyse populations hierarchically structured at multiple levels.

The populations of parasites and infectious agents are most of the time structured in complex hierarchy that lies beyond the classical nested design described by Wright's F-statistics (F(IS), F(ST) and F(IT)). In this note we propose a user-friendly step-by-step notice for using recent software (HierFstat) that computes and test fixation indices for any hierarchical structure. We add some tricks and tips for some special data kind (haploid, single locus), some other procedure (bootstrap over loci) and how to handle crossed factors.