Comparison of clinical and angiographic prognostic risk scores in elderly patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and referred for percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Multiple risk prediction models have been validated in all-age patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, they have not been validated specifically in the elderly. METHODS: We calculated the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) score, the logistic EuroSCORE, the AMIS (Acute Myocardial Infarction Swiss registry) score, and the SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) score in a consecutive series of 114 patients ≥75 years presenting with ACS and treated with PCI within 24 hours of hospital admission. Patients were stratified according to score tertiles and analysed retrospectively by comparing the lower/mid tertiles as an aggregate group with the higher tertile group. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. Secondary endpoints were the composite of death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 30 days, and 1-year MACE-free survival. Model discrimination ability was assessed using the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was higher in the upper tertile compared with the aggregate lower/mid tertiles according to the logistic EuroSCORE (42% vs 5%; odds ratio [OR] = 14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4-48; p <0.001; AUC = 0.79), the GRACE score (40% vs 4%; OR = 17, 95% CI = 4-64; p <0.001; AUC = 0.80), the AMIS score (40% vs 4%; OR = 16, 95% CI = 4-63; p <0.001; AUC = 0.80), and the SYNTAX score (37% vs 5%; OR = 11, 95% CI = 3-37; p <0.001; AUC = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients presenting with ACS and referred to PCI within 24 hours of admission, the GRACE score, the EuroSCORE, the AMIS score, and the SYNTAX score predicted 30 day mortality. The predictive value of clinical scores was improved by using them in combination.

L'« Intervention systémique brève » : un manuel thérapeutique

Evaluer l'efficacité d'une thérapie ne devrait pas se limiter à en étudier l'impact sur différentes dimensions pertinentes. En effet, la recherche en psychothérapie insiste sur l'importance de développer des manuels thérapeutiques, afin de décrire ce que les thérapeutes font et donc comprendre ce qui est efficace, ainsi que des protocoles d'adhérence à ces manuels, afin de pouvoir évaluer si les intervenants font effectivement ce qu'ils prétendent faire. Cet article présente le manuel thérapeutique de l'Intervention systémique brève (ISB), un modèle d'intervention en six séances, utilisé dans une consultation pour couples et familles au Département de psychiatrie du CHUV à Lausanne. Ce modèle fait l'objet d'une recherche visant à évaluer son efficacité à court et moyen termes, au moyen de questionnaires remplis par les patients, évaluant différents niveaux : 1) les symptômes individuels, 2) la satisfaction conjugale, 3) la qualité des relations parentales, 4) la qualité des relations coparentales et 5) les relations familiales. L'ISB est un modèle intégratif des principales écoles de thérapie familiale systémique. Pour élaborer le manuel de l'ISB, nous nous sommes basés sur certains principes généraux communs aux différentes approches systémiques. La difficulté d'élaborer un tel manuel thérapeutique intégratif systémique sera discutée.

Success of a general school-based physical activity intervention on bone mineral content depends on pubertal stage but not on gender

Aims: We performed a randomised controlled trial in children of both gender and different pubertal stages to determine whether a school-based physical activity (PA) program during a full schoolyear influences bone mineral content (BMC) and whether there are differences in response for boys and girls before and during puberty. Methods: Twenty-eight 1st and 5th grade classes were cluster randomised to an intervention (INT, 16 classes, n=297) and control (CON; 12 classes, n=205) group. The intervention consisted of a multi-component PA intervention including daily physical education during a full school year. Each lesson was predetermined, included about ten minutes of jumping or strength training exercises of various intensity and was the same for all children. Measurements included anthropometry (height and weight), tanner stages (by self-assessment), PA (by accelerometry) and BMC for total body, femoral neck, total hip and lumbar spine using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone parameters were normalized for gender and tanner stage (pre- vs. puberty). Analyses were performed by a regression model adjusted for gender, baseline height, baseline weight, baseline PA, post-intervention tanner stage, baseline BMC, and cluster. Researchers were blinded to group allocation. Children in the control group did not know about the intervention arm. Results: 217 (57%) of 380 children who initially agreed to have DXA measurements had also post-intervention DXA and PA data. Mean age of prepubertal and pubertal children at baseline was 9.0±2.1 and 11.2±0.6 years, respectively. 47/114 girls and 68/103 boys were prepubertal at the end of the intervention. Compared to CON, children in INT showed statistically significant increases in BMC of total body (adjusted z-score differences: 0.123; 95%>CI 0.035 to 0.212), femoral neck (0.155; 95%>CI 0.007 to 0.302), and lumbar spine (0.127; 95%>CI 0.026 to 0.228). Importantly, there was no gender*group, but a tanner*group interaction consistently favoring prepubertal children. Conclusions: Our findings show that a general, but stringent school-based PA intervention can improve BMC in elementary school children. Pubertal stage, but not gender seems to determine bone sensitivity to physical activity loading.

Efficacy of brief motivational intervention in reducing binge drinking in young men: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Brief motivational intervention (BMI) is one of the few effective strategies targeting alcohol consumption, but has not been tested in young men in the community. We evaluated the efficacy of BMI in reducing alcohol use and related problems among binge drinkers and in maintaining low-risk drinking among non-bingers. Methods: A random sample of a census of men included during army conscription (which is mandatory for 20-year-old males in Switzerland) was randomized to receive a single face-to-face BMI session (N = 199) or no intervention (N = 219). A six-month follow-up rate was obtained for 88.7% of the subjects. Results: Among binge drinkers, there was 20% less drinking in the BMI group versus the control group (incidence rate ratio = 0.80, confidence interval 0.66-0.98, p = 0.03): the BMI group showed a weekly reduction of 1.5 drinks compared to an increase of 0.8 drinks weekly in the control group. Among subjects who experienced one or more alcohol-related consequences over the last 12 months, there was 19% less drinking in the BMI group compared to the control group (incidence rate ratio = 0.81; confidence interval 0.67-0.97, p = 0.04). Among non-bingers, BMI did not contribute to the maintenance of low-risk drinking. Conclusion: BMI reduced the alcohol use of binge drinkers, particularly among those who experienced certain alcohol-related adverse consequences. No preventive effect of BMI was observed among non-bingers. BMI is a plausible secondary preventive option for young binge drinkers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Circadian variations of ischemic burden among patients with myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Several parameters of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology exhibit circadian rhythms. Recently, a relation between infarct size and the time of day at which it occurs has been suggested in experimental models of myocardial infarction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether circadian rhythms could cause differences in ischemic burden in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).¦METHODS: In 353 consecutive patients with STEMI treated by PPCI, time of symptom onset, peak creatine kinase (CK), and follow-up at 30 days were obtained. We divided 24 hours into 4 time groups based on time of symptom onset (00:00-05:59, 06:00-11:59, 12:00-17:59, and 18:00-23:59).¦RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups regarding baseline patients and management's characteristics. At multivariable analysis, there was a statistically significant difference between peak CK levels among patients with symptom onset between 00:00 and 05:59 when compared with peak CK levels of patients with symptom onset in any other time group (mean increase 38.4%, P < .05). Thirty-day mortality for STEMI patients with symptom onset occurring between 00:00 and 05:59 was significantly higher than any other time group (P < .05).¦CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates an independent correlation between the infarct size of STEMI patients treated by PPCI and the time of the day at which symptoms occurred. These results suggest that time of the day should be a critical issue to look at when assessing prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction.

Une Intervention Psycho-oncologique d'Inspiration Psychodynamique

Introduction. La détresse psychique touche entre 30 et 50% des patients atteints de cancer (1-5). Les troubles psychiatriques les plus fréquemment observés sont les états dépressifs et les troubles anxieux et d'adaptation (1). En ce qui concerne les approches psychodynamiques auprès de patients atteints de cancer, il manque des études évaluant l'effet de ces thérapies. L'objectif de ce travail de master est d'investiguer une intervention psychothérapeutique d'inspiration psychodynamique effectuée auprès de patients nouvellement diagnostiqués de cancer. Méthode. Basée sur la lecture de 20 rapports, une grille de lecture des thématiques abordées dans les interventions a été élaborée puis discutée en deux focus groups entre trois chercheurs. Pour l'analyse semi-quantitative, deux de ces chercheurs ont appliqué la grille d'analyse à tous les rapports (N=135) et ont ensuite confronté et discuté leurs classifications jusqu'à l'obtention d'un consensus. Résultats. Une liste de vingt thématiques classées dans deux catégories a été élaborée: 1) témoignage/demande de soutien et 2) introspection avec les sous-catégories 2.1) changement de fonctionnement psychologique et 2.2) modification du positionnement relationnel. La moitié (50,4%) des patients ont consulté pour témoigner ou demander un soutien, 27,4% pour un changement de fonctionnement psychologique et 9,6% pour une modification du positionnement relationnel; 12,6% des patients n'ont pas pu être classifiés. En général, les patients consultant pour témoigner ou demander un soutien sont légèrement plus âgés et présentent un stade de maladie plus avancé, et consultent en moyenne durant 4 à 5 séances. Les patients qui visent un changement de fonctionnement psychologique suivent une tendance inverse et consultent en moyenne durant 11 à 12 séances; ceux qui désirent une modification de leur positionnement relationel sont également légèrement plus jeunes, avec un stade de maladie moins avancé, mais leur nombre de séances effectuées est très variable. Lorsque les patients effectuent un travail sur soi ou sur leurs relations, les sujets abordés ne sont que rarement centrés sur le cancer. Par contre, chez des patients qui consultent pour témoigner ou être soutenus, les angoisses liées au cancer sont plus souvent au coeur de l'intervention thérapeutique. Discussion. Les rapports de psychothérapie de patients atteints de cancer rédigés dans le cadre d'une étude sont sujets à la subjectivité des thérapeutes et à leurs interprétations quant au processus thérapeutique. Et il en va de même pour l'analyse que les chercheurs en font. Néanmoins, les résultats montrent qu'une grande variété de thématiques sont abordées durant les thérapies et que "l'évènement cancer" n'est pas toujours au centre des entretiens; avec certains patients les thérapeutes entament un travail plus conséquent en ce qui concerne sa durée et son contenu; travail qui va au-delà de "l'évènementiel". Les patients des différentes catégories identifiées se distinguent clairement quant à leur désir d'approfondir un travail thérapeutique, quant aux objectifs qu'ils souhaitent atteindre et quant au type d'intervention psychothérapeutique dont ils ont besoin. Conclusion. Les approches psychothérapeutiques pour les patients atteints de cancer demandent du thérapeute une grande souplesse, afin de s'adapter à la demande et aux capacités d'élaboration des patients. Une clarification rapide de ces deux paramètres dans les premières séances devrait faire partie intégrante de la prise en charge.

Analysis of micro- and nano-structures of the corneal surface of Drosophila and its mutants by atomic force microscopy and optical diffraction.

Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism instrumental for numerous biological studies. The compound eye of this insect consists of some eight hundred individual ommatidia or facets, ca. 15 µm in cross-section. Each ommatidium contains eighteen cells including four cone cells secreting the lens material (cornea). High-resolution imaging of the cornea of different insects has demonstrated that each lens is covered by the nipple arrays--small outgrowths of ca. 200 nm in diameter. Here we for the first time utilize atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate nipple arrays of the Drosophila lens, achieving an unprecedented visualization of the architecture of these nanostructures. We find by Fourier analysis that the nipple arrays of Drosophila are disordered, and that the seemingly ordered appearance is a consequence of dense packing of the nipples. In contrast, Fourier analysis confirms the visibly ordered nature of the eye microstructures--the individual lenses. This is different in the frizzled mutants of Drosophila, where both Fourier analysis and optical imaging detect disorder in lens packing. AFM reveals intercalations of the lens material between individual lenses in frizzled mutants, providing explanation for this disorder. In contrast, nanostructures of the mutant lens show the same organization as in wild-type flies. Thus, frizzled mutants display abnormal organization of the corneal micro-, but not nano-structures. At the same time, nipples of the mutant flies are shorter than those of the wild-type. We also analyze corneal surface of glossy-appearing eyes overexpressing Wingless--the lipoprotein ligand of Frizzled receptors, and find the catastrophic aberration in nipple arrays, providing experimental evidence in favor of the major anti-reflective function of these insect eye nanostructures. The combination of the easily tractable genetic model organism and robust AFM analysis represents a novel methodology to analyze development and architecture of these surface formations.

A quasi-randomized group trial of a brief alcohol intervention on risky single occasion drinking among secondary school students.

OBJECTIVES: To show the effectiveness of a brief group alcohol intervention. Aims of the intervention were to reduce the frequency of heavy drinking occasions, maximum number of drinks on an occasion and overall weekly consumption. METHODS: A cluster quasi-randomized control trial (intervention n = 338; control n = 330) among 16- to 18-year-old secondary school students in the Swiss Canton of Zürich. Groups homogeneous for heavy drinking occasions (5+/4+ drinks for men/women) consisted of those having medium risk (3-4) or high risk (5+) occasions in the past 30 days. Groups of 8-10 individuals received two 45-min sessions based on motivational interviewing techniques. RESULTS: Borderline significant beneficial effects (p < 0.10) on heavy drinking occasions and alcohol volume were found 6 months later for the medium-risk group only, but not for the high-risk group. None of the effects remained significant after Bonferroni corrections. CONCLUSIONS: Group intervention was ineffective for all at-risk users. The heaviest drinkers may need more intensive treatment. Alternative explanations were iatrogenic effects among the heaviest drinkers, assessment reactivity, or reduction of social desirability bias at follow-up through peer feedback.

Wiedereingliederung dank arbeitsmedizinischer Intervention

Unspezifische muskuloskelettale Beschwerden wie chronische Rücken- oder Nackenbeschwerden werden als multifaktoriell bedingt verstanden, wobei die Arbeit respektive die Arbeitsbedingungen einen mehr oder weniger bestimmenden Faktor darstellen. Es ist daher wesentlich, speziell auch im Hinblick auf die Wiedereingliederung, dass sowohl die Arbeit wie auch die Arbeitsbedingungen evaluiert werden. [Auteure]