133 resultados para Fraude à la loi


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International standardisation refers to voluntary technical specifications pertaining to the production and exchange of goods and services across borders. The paper outlines a theoretical framework which spells out the contention of emerging hybrid forms of non state authority in the global realm. It argues that international standardisation is confronted with a deep rift between promoters of further socialisation of international standards (i.e. a transfer of the universal scope of law into the official framework of standard-setting bodies) and multinational corporations in favour of globalisation of technical standards (i.e. universal recognition of minimal sectorial market-based standards). The problems related to the development of a possible ISO standard of system management in corporate social responsibility provides evidence of the argument.

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Le profilage des fausses pièces d'identité se positionne dans une nouvelle vision axée sur le renseignement criminel du policing et de l'exploitation des traces matérielles récoltées par les polices lors d'infractions. Cette méthode moderne a pour objectif de générer des renseignements d'ordres stratégique et opérationnel qui permettront de mieux cerner et lutter contre la fraude documentaire, une criminalité discrète, méconnue et peu combattue bien qu'elle soit un phénomène grave. En effet, les faux documents d'identité créent une faille dans la sécurité, déstabilisent le système judiciaire et les administrations, et causent des dommages importants à l'économie.Dans la démarche de profilage, les caractéristiques matérielles de chaque fausse pièce d'identité - telles que les modes d'impressions, la façon dont réagit le document sous rayons ultraviolets, ou les polices de caractère - sont considérées comme la « signature » du faussaire et sont ainsi utilisées pour établir des relations entre des faux documents d'identité fabriqués par un même faussaire ou un même atelier de faux. Ces relations aident à comprendre la structure et la dynamique du trafic des faux documents et permettent de détecter des interactions criminelles dans le cadre d'enquêtes.Un système informatisé de profilage réunissant à l'heure actuelle plus de 200 fausses pièces d'identité saisies par les polices de neuf cantons suisses a été mis en place. Les analyses effectuées à partir de ce système font apparaître la fraude documentaire comme une criminalité structurée et interrégionale. Les analyses menées suggèrent également des pistes de développement des approches préventives et répressives pour lutter contre le phénomène des fausses pièces d'identité. Ces pistes concernent aussi bien les polices et les administrations que les entreprises privées telles que les banques, les fabricants de documents d'identité, les aéroports et compagnies aériennes, ou encore les agences de location de véhicules.

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AIM: In the past few years, spectacular progress in neuroscience has led to the emergence of a new interdisciplinary field, the so-called "neurolaw" whose goal is to explore the effects of neuroscientific discoveries on legal proceedings and legal rules and standards. In the United States, a number of neuroscientific researches are designed specifically to explore legally relevant topics and a case-law has already been developed. In Europe, neuroscientific evidence is increasingly being used in criminal courtrooms, as part of psychiatric testimony, nourishing the debate about the legal implications of brain research in psychiatric-legal settings. Though largely debated, up to now the use of neuroscience in legal contexts had not specifically been regulated by any legislation. In 2011, with the new bioethics law, France has become the first country to admit by law the use of brain imaging in judicial expertise. According to the new law, brain imaging techniques can be used only for medical purposes, or scientific research, or in the context of judicial expertise. This study aims to give an overview of the current state of the neurolaw in the US and Europe, and to investigate the ethical issues raised by this new law and its potential impact on the rights and civil liberties of the offenders. METHOD: An overview of the emergence and development of "neurolaw" in the United States and Europe is given. Then, the new French law is examined in the light of the relevant debates in the French parliament. Consequently, we outline the current tendencies in Neurolaw literature to focus on assessments of responsibility, rather than dangerousness. This tendency is analysed notably in relation to the legal context relevant to criminal policies in France, where recent changes in the legislation and practice of forensic psychiatry show that dangerousness assessments have become paramount in the process of judicial decision. Finally, the potential interpretations of neuroscientific data introduced into psychiatric testimonies by judges are explored. RESULTS: The examination of parliamentary debates showed that the new French law allowing neuroimaging techniques in judicial expertise was introduced in the aim to provide a legal framework that would protect the subject against potential misuses of neuroscience. The underlying fear above all, was that this technology be used as a lie detector, or as a means to predict the subject's behaviour. However, the possibility of such misuse remains open. Contrary to the legislator's wish, the defendant is not fully guaranteed against uses of neuroimaging techniques in criminal courts that would go against their interests and rights. In fact, the examination of the recently adopted legislation in France shows that assessments of dangerousness and of risk of recidivism have become central elements of the criminal policy, which makes it possible, if not likely that neuroimaging techniques be used for the evaluation of the dangerousness of the defendant. This could entail risks for the latter, as judges could perceive neuroscientific data as hard evidence, more scientific and reliable than the soft data of traditional psychiatry. If such neuroscientific data are interpreted as signs of potential dangerousness of a subject rather than as signs of criminal responsibility, defendants may become subjected to longer penalties or measures aiming to ensure public safety in the detriment of their freedom. CONCLUSION: In the current context of accentuated societal need for security, the judge and the expert-psychiatrist are increasingly asked to evaluate the dangerousness of a subject, regardless of their responsibility. Influenced by this policy model, the judge might tend to use neuroscientific data introduced by an expert as signs of dangerousness. Such uses, especially when they subjugate an individual's interest to those of society, might entail serious threats to an individual's freedom and civil liberties.

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Comme impôt général sur la consommation, la TVA est omniprésente. Si le principe de base de cet impôt est simple, son application concrète s'avère des plus complexes. De nombreuses exceptions, exonérations et délimitations soulèvent continuellement des questions difficiles, lesquelles se posent avant tout aux contribuables eux-mêmes en raison du principe de l'auto-imposition. Près de cinq ans se sont désormais écoulés depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la nouvelle loi sur la TVA le 1er janvier 2010. De premières expériences ont été faites, de nombreuses directives administratives ont été édictées, de la jurisprudence a été rendue en la matière. Le nouveau commentaire se penche de manière approfondie sur ces nouveautés, de même que sur l'essentiel de la doctrine publiée. Il informe le praticien de manière pertinente, précise et complète sur tous les sujets importants du droit de la TVA et lui fournit des réponses concrètes aux questions posées dans la pratique. Les commentaires sont rédigés en partie en français et en partie en allemand.