Transvaginal specimen extraction in colorectal surgery: current state of the art.

Aim  Background The expected benefit of transvaginal specimen extraction is reduced incision-related morbidity. Objectives A systematic review of transvaginal specimen extraction in colorectal surgery was carried out to assess this expectation. Method  Search strategy The following keywords, in various combinations, were searched: NOSE (natural orifices specimen extraction), colorectal, colon surgery, transvaginal, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, low anterior resection, sigmoidectomy, ileocaecal resection, proctocolectomy, colon cancer, sigmoid diverticulitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Selection criteria Selection criteria included large bowel resection with transvaginal specimen extraction, laparoscopic approach, human studies and English language. Exclusion criteria were experimental studies and laparotomic approach or local excision. All articles published up to February 2011 were included. Results  Twenty-three articles (including a total of 130 patients) fulfilled the search criteria. The primary diagnosis was colorectal cancer in 51% (67) of patients, endometriosis in 46% (60) of patients and other conditions in the remaining patients. A concurrent gynaecological procedure was performed in 17% (22) of patients. One case of conversion to laparotomy was reported. In two patients, transvaginal extraction failed. In left- and right-sided resections, the rate of severe complications was 3.7% and 2%, respectively. Two significant complications, one of pelvic seroma and one of rectovaginal fistula, were likely to have been related to transvaginal extraction. The degree of follow up was specified in only one study. Harvested nodes and negative margins were adequate and reported in 70% of oncological cases. Conclusion  Vaginal extraction of a colorectal surgery specimen shows potential benefit, particularly when associated with a gynaecological procedure. Data from prospective randomized trials are needed to support the routine use of this technique.

Etudiants en médecine et centres médico-sociaux: préparer l'avenir [Medical students and community health care centers: preparing the future].

Since 2011, second year medical students from Lausanne University follow a single day course in the community health care centers of the Canton of Vaud. They discover the medico-social network and attend to patients' visits at home. They experience the importance of the information transmission and the partnership between informal caregivers, professional caregivers, general practitioner and hospital units. The goal of this course is to help the future physicians to collaborate with the community health care centers teams. This will be particularly important in the future with an aging and more dependant population.

Markers for sepsis diagnosis in the forensic setting: state of the art.

Reliable diagnoses of sepsis remain challenging in forensic pathology routine despite improved methods of sample collection and extensive biochemical and immunohistochemical investigations. Macroscopic findings may be elusive and have an infectious or non-infectious origin. Blood culture results can be difficult to interpret due to postmortem contamination or bacterial translocation. Lastly, peripheral and cardiac blood may be unavailable during autopsy. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 can be measured in biological fluids collected during autopsy and may be used as in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes. However, concentrations of these parameters may be increased due to etiologies other than bacterial infections, indicating that a combination of biomarkers could more effectively discriminate non-infectious from infectious inflammations. In this article, we propose a review of the literature pertaining to the diagnostic performance of classical and novel biomarkers of inflammation and bacterial infection in the forensic setting.

Statistics in science and in society: From a state-of-the-art to a new research agenda

Statistics occupies a prominent role in science and citizens' daily life. This article provides a state-of-the-art of the problems associated with statistics in science and in society, structured along the three paradigms defined by Bauer, Allum and Miller (2007). It explores in more detail medicine and public understanding of science on the one hand, and risks and surveys on the other. Statistics has received a good deal of attention; however, very often handled in terms of deficit - either of scientists or of citizens. Many tools have been proposed to improve statistical literacy, the image of and trust in statistics, but with little understanding of their roots, with little coordination among stakeholders and with few assessments of impacts. These deficiencies represent as many new and promising directions in which the PUS research agenda could be expanded.

Interruptions of cART limits CD4 T-cell recovery and increases the risk for opportunistic complications and death.

BACKGROUND: A major goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1-infected persons is the recovery of CD4 T lymphocytes, resulting in thorough protection against opportunistic complications. Interruptions of ART are still frequent. The long-term effect on CD4 T-cell recovery and clinical events remains unknown. METHODS: Immunological and clinical endpoints were evaluated in 2491 participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study initiating ART during a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. Data were analysed in persons with treatment interruptions (n = 1271; group A), continuous ART, but intermittent HIV-1 RNA at least 1000 copies/ml (n = 469; group B) and continuous ART and HIV-1 RNA constantly less than 1000 copies/ml (n = 751; group C). Risk factors for low CD4 T-cell counts and clinical events were analysed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: In groups A-C, CD4 T lymphocytes increased to a median of 427, 525 and 645 cells/μl at 8 years. In group A, 63.0 and 37.2% reached above 350 and 500 CD4 T cells/μl, whereas in group B 76.3 and 55.8% and in group C 87.3 and 68.0% reached these thresholds (P < 0.001). CD4 T-cell recovery directly depended on the cumulative duration of treatment interruptions. In addition, participants of group A had more Centers for Disease Control and Prevention B/C events, resulting in an increased risk of death. Major risk factors for not reaching CD4 T cells above 500 cells/μl included lower baseline CD4 T-cell count, higher age and hepatitis C virus co-infection. CONCLUSION: In persons receiving continuous ART larger CD4 T-cell recovery and a reduced risk for opportunistic complications and death was observed. CD4 T-cell recovery was smaller in persons with treatment interruptions more than 6 months.

Sociologie des céramistes d'art en France : l'invention d'un groupe socio-professionnel : pratiques et manières d'être

Cette thèse voudrait expliquer l'émergence et l'autonomisation d'un groupe professionnel récent en France, celui des céramistes d'art, « inventé » au milieu du XXe siècle, et qui s'est largement développé après 1968. Il s'agit d'analyser l'apparition d'un groupe social dans la division du travail, puis sa capacité à assurer les moyens de sa reproduction et de sa pérennisation, tant par l'étude de ses dynamiques internes que par ses rapports à l'hors-groupe. Au-delà de l'aspect monographique, cette recherche interroge la professionnalisation de cet espace du travail artistique peu légitime culturellement, et les obstacles à celle-ci (définition des frontières, contrôle des pratiques). Les normes professionnelles - émergentes, codifiées, transmises, défendues ou contestées - constituant le point d'entrée de cette recherche : liant du groupe, elles sont aussi révélatrices de ses transformations, clivages internes et modes d'institutionnalisation. Dans cette optique, la recherche restitue la diversité des dimensions du métier en tenant ensemble travail et hors- travail : sociogenèse du métier, rapport des céramistes d'art au travail artistique et à la culture légitime, engagement dans les organisations professionnelles (associatives et syndicales), récèption des politiques publiques qui concernent le secteur. Cette recherche réaffirme ainsi la centralité du travail comme espace au carrefour de plusieurs espaces sociaux et de plusieurs types d'investissements, c'est-à-dire comme un rapport social général et non comme enclave sociale que l'on pourrait appréhender par elle-même. La thèse montre aussi que l'hybridité constitutive du métier, entre art et artisanat, constitue l'une des bases de sa professionnalisation : la contestation des principes et des critères de légitimité culturelle en sont les manifestations majeures. Enfin, l'étude de la politisation chez les différentes unités-générationnelles qui composent le métier met en évidence la portée instituante de l'auto-organisation associative et les modes de constitution d'une identité collective. Elle révèle également la présence de l'Etat en filigrane, par opposition ou par coopération. Tels sont les multiples fondements de cette professionnalisation multi-située et constamment évolutive évolutive. Cette recherche repose essentiellement sur des observations - directes et participantes - dans les lieux de vie, de travail et de socialisation des céramistes d'art, et sur 62 entretiens semi-directifs. En plus de l'enquête ethnographique, la thèse s'appuie sur les résultats d'une enquête par questionnaire (218 répondants) et de la documentation professionnelle (archives syndicales, compte-rendu associatifs, supports de communication, etc.).

Centres du sein: caprice ou nécessité [Breast Centers: whim or necessity?].

In order to prevent disparities in the management of breast cancer having a direct impact on the prognosis of patients, to promote early detection and optimal treatment while considering the quality of life of patients, Breast Centers are being set up in Switzerland on the basis of existing models in Europe. The centers provide also follow-up of patients and are submitted to certification criteria established by the Swiss Society of Senology and the Swiss Cancer League. These criteria include in particular the expertise of specialists based on a sufficient volume of activity and training, compliance with recommendations of clinical practice, integration of supportive care and timeliness of care. The certification process is voluntary. A database enables the regular assessment of the provided care and of the compliance with standards. The aim and the modalities of the creation of the Breast Centers are discussed.