Naturaliser la procréation médicalement assistée : sens commun et représentations en dialogue

La constante évolution des biotechnologies de la procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) introduit des nouveautés qui perturbent les représentations de la famille et du « naturel » de la procréation notamment. Ces nouveautés engendrent des préoccupations aussi bien sociales qu'individuelles sur la légitimité et les conditions du recours à la PMA. Partant d'une approche dialogique de la communication, du langage et de la cognition ainsi que de la théorie des représentations sociales, nous faisons l'hypothèse que ces perturbations sont traitées différemment selon l'activité communicative dans laquelle les individus sont engagés. Nous avons alors travaillé à partir de deux corpus de données relevant d'un type d'activité communicative différent : un corpus de presse, de l'ordre d'un discours générique, portant sur la grossesse dite « tardive » (post-ménopause) et un corpus d'entretiens de recherche, de l'ordre d'un discours singulier, avec des couples qui ont recouru à la PMA, et portant sur la cryoconservation des zygotes. Nous appuyant sur les méthodes de l'analyse thématique et de l'analyse de discours, nous centrons notre examen sur les représentations sociales de la maternité (corpus de presse) et du « naturel » (corpus d'entretiens). Nous analysons ce que ces discours permettent d'accomplir socialement, étudions le rapport qu'ils établissent à l'ordre social et symbolique et interrogeons leurs fonctions en termes de processus de « naturalisation » de la PMA. Nos résultats montrent que les nouveautés de la PMA forcent les individus à se (re)positionner dans le champ des valeurs et des normes, lis montrent aussi que, dans ce contexte, les représentations sociales existantes sont mobilisées de différentes manières en fonction des visées argumentatives poursuivies. Ceci impliquant, par ailleurs, si ce n'est une transformation, du moins un renouvellement des représentations. Ils indiquent en outre que, bien que le discours de presse et celui des entretiens ne servent pas exactement les mêmes objectifs, leurs effets de « naturalisation » de la PMA sont comparables en termes de (re)construction de la norme. D'un point de vue dialogique, ils permettent aussi d'avancer que les polémiques sociales et individuelles sont non seulement articulées mais se co-constituent. Ils témoignent aussi du fait que la référence au « naturel » renvoie, plus qu'à un problème de perturbation de la « nature », à l'idée d'une menace de l'ordre social et symbolique. De ce point de vue, les réflexions sur les pratiques de PMA méritent d'être menées par la psychologie sociale et les sciences humaines et sociales plus largement. -- The constant evolution of biotechnologies of medically assisted procreation (MAP) introduces novelties that disturb representations of the family and, notably, of what is considered « natural » in procreation. These novelties give rise to social and individual questions about the legitimacy and the conditions of the use of MAP. Drawing upon a dialogical approach to communication, language and cognition, as well as social representations theory, a hypothesis is advanced that these disturbances are handled differently, depending on the communicative activity individuals are engaged in. Two corpuses of data, representing different communicative activity types, were used: a press corpus, reflecting a generic discourse on "late" pregnancy (post-menopause), and a research interviews corpus, reflecting particular discourses developed by couples who used MAP and have cryopreserved zygotes. Using methods of thematic and discourse analysis, the study focuses on social representations of pregnancy (press corpus) and of the "natural" (interviews corpus). The analysis questions what these discourses enable to achieve socially, how they relate to the social and symbolic order, as well as their function in "naturalising" MAP. The results show that MAP novelties force individuals to (re)position themselves in the field of values and norms. They also show that, in this context, existing social representations are mobilised in different ways depending on the argumentative aims that are being pursued. This implies, if not a transformation, at minimum a renewal of representations. Additionally the results indicate that, although press and interviews discourses might not serve the same aims, their effects on "naturalising" MAP are comparable in terms of (re)constructing the norm. From a dialogical perspective, the findings also allow us to argue that social and individual polemics are not only articulated with one another but are effectively co-constituted. They also evidence the fact that the reference to the "natural" brings forth, more than a problem of disturbing "nature", a threat to the social and symbolic order. From this perspective, reflections on MAP practices deserve further attention within social psychology and social and human sciences at large.

Characteristics of non-responders to self-reported questionnaires in a large inflammatory bowel disease cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A major threat to the validity of longitudinal cohort studies is non-response to follow-up, which can lead to erroneous conclusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of non-responders to self-reported questionnaires in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Cohort. METHODS: We used data from adult patients enrolled between November 2006 and June 2011. Responders versus non-responders were compared according to socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics. Odds ratio for non-response to initial patient questionnaire (IPQ) compared to 1-year follow-up questionnaire (FPQ) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1943 patients received IPQ, in which 331 (17%) did not respond. Factors inversely associated with non-response to IPQ were age >50 and female gender (OR = 0.37; p < 0.001 respectively OR = 0.63; p = 0.003) among Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and disease duration >16 years (OR = 0.48; p = 0.025) among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). FPQ was sent to 1586 patients who had completed the IPQ; 263 (17%) did not respond. Risk factors of non-response to FPQ were mild depression (OR = 2.17; p = 0.003) for CD, and mild anxiety (OR = 1.83; p = 0.024) for UC. Factors inversely associated with non-response to FPQ were: age >30 years, colonic only disease location, higher education and higher IBD-related quality of life for CD, and age >50 years or having a positive social support for UC. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics of non-responders differed between UC and CD. The risk of non-response to repetitive solicitations (longitudinal versus transversal study) seemed to decrease with age. Assessing non-respondents' characteristics is important to document potential bias in longitudinal studies.

Introgressive hybridization of threatened European tree frogs (Hyla arborea) by introduced H. intermedia in Western Switzerland

Hybridization by introduced taxa is a major threat to native species. Characterizing human introductions is thus one of the missions of conservation geneticists. Here we survey a declining population of the regionally endangered European tree frog (Hyla arborea) in the Grangettes natural reserve (Rhone valley, Western Switzerland), where previous evidence indicated human introduction of the Italian taxon H. intermedia. We combined fast-evolving mitochondrial and nuclear markers and an extended sampling to conduct population genetic analyses of the Grangettes and putative source areas. We show that the Grangettes population is a hybrid swarm, with all individuals featuring recent nuclear admixture and mitochondrial DNA of introduced H. intermedia, most likely of proximate south Alpine origin. In contrast, H. arborea and H. intermedia hardly introgress in their natural parapatric ranges, consistent with an advanced reproductive isolation. Thus, potential hybrid incompatibilities may account for the strong decline of this population, despite important conservation efforts. Although their hybrid nature makes them a priori unworthy of any protection, we propose specific measures to recover local H. arborea gene pool and preserve tree frogs in the Grangettes, the last population remaining from this heavily impacted part of the Alps.

How differential management strategies affect Ips typographus L. dispersal

Bark beetle outbreaks have a devastating effect on economically important forests worldwide, thus requiring extensive application of management control strategies. The presence of unmanaged protected areas in close proximity to managed forests can instigate concerns that bark beetle infestations may spread from unmanaged into managed stands. We studied the impact of differential management of forest stands on the dispersal dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, making use of inferential population genetics on mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Bayesian inferences of migration rates and a most parsimonious dispersal tree show that outgoing gene flow was consistently higher from managed to unmanaged areas. Reason for that is likely the thorough removal of potential breeding material in managed forests and thus the dispersal of the base stock beetles from these areas to unmanaged areas where breeding material is available. Our study suggests that the potential threat posed by unmanaged to managed forests in regard to I. typographus infestation needs to be carefully re-considered.

The Influence of Chronic and Situational Social Status on Stereotype Susceptibility

We tested whether stereotypical situations would affect low-status group members' performance more strongly than high-status group members'. Experiment 1 and 2 tested this hypothesis using gender as a proxy of chronic social status and a gender-neutral task thathas been randomly presented to favor boys (men superiority condition), favor girls (women superiority condition), or show no gender preference (control condition). Both experiments found that women's (Experiment 1) and girls' performance (Experiment 2) suffered more from the evoked stereotypes than did men's and boys' ones. This result was replicated in Experiment 3, indicating that short men (low-status group) were more affected compared to tallmen (high-status group). Additionally, men were more affected compared to women when they perceived height as a threat. Hence, individuals are more or less vulnerable to identity threats as a function of the chronic social status at play; enjoying a high status provides protection and endorsing a low one weakens individual performance in stereotypical situations.

Incendiaires et pyromanes [Arson and pyromania, update 2015].

While the fire constitutes a threat and provokes avoidance by the entire animal world, its control as lighting and maintenance is inseparable from the history of humankind. For 1% of the population that use is turned to harm, repeatedly and without objective reason, responding to the historical definition of pyromania. The profile of arsonists does not appear to be different from that of the general criminal population: alcohol abuse, nicotine, marijuana and antisocial personality do not make fire setters a special case. However positive fire experience lived in childhood, emotional avoidance and expertise in fire settings' control seems to be specific, as recidivism risk below that of the general criminal population.

7

This paper discusses the issues involved in ICT from an ethico-political perspective, which states that an innovation is fully justifiable when it contributes to the empowerment, equality, and autonomy of the agent targeted. With this criterion in mind, discussing the foreseeable impacts of ubicomp-ICT, it focuses on the dangers linked to the enhanced asymmetry in the distribution of power within the organization which it is likely to bring about. If left to "laissez-faire", it is finally suggested, it might even be seen as a threat to democracy.

Patients, médecins et internet [Patients, doctors and the internet].

The majority of the Swiss population uses the internet to seek information about health. The objective is to be better informed, before or after the consultation. Doctors can advise their information-seeking patients about high quality websites, be it medical portals or websites dedicated to a specific pathology. Doctors should not see the internet as a threat but rather as an opportunity to strengthen the doctor-patient relationship.

What young people with spina bifida want to know about sex and are not being told.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to examine sexual knowledge, concerns and needs of youth with spina bifida (SB) to inform the medical community on ways to better support their sexual health. METHODS: As part of the Video Intervention/Prevention Assessment (VIA) - transitions, a prospective cohort study, 309 h of video data were collected from 14 participants (13-28 years old) with SB. Participants were loaned a video camcorder for 8-12 weeks to shoot visual narratives about any aspects of their lives. V/A visual narratives were analysed with grounded theory using NVivo. RESULTS: Out of 14 participants, 11 (six women) addressed issues surrounding romantic relationships and sexuality in their video clips. Analysis revealed shared concerns, questions and challenges regarding sexuality gathered under four main themes: romantic relationships, sexuality, fertility and parenthood, and need for more talk on sexuality. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with SB reported difficulties in finding answers to questions regarding their sexuality, romantic relationships and fertility. This study revealed a need for help from the medical community to inform and empower youth with SB in the area of sexual health. Through sexual and reproductive health education with patients and parents starting at an early age, medical providers can further encourage healthy emotional and physical development in adolescents transitioning into adulthood.

Areas of high conservation value in Georgia: present and future threats by invasive alien plants

Georgia is known for its extraordinary rich biodiversity of plants, which may now be threatened due to the spread of invasive alien plants (IAP). We aimed to identify (i) the most prominent IAP out of 9 selected potentially invasive and harmful IAP IAP by predicting thetheir distribution of 9 selected IAP under current and future climate conditions in Georgia as well as in its 43 Protected Areas, as a proxy for areas of high conservation value and (ii) the Protected Areas most at risk due to these IAP. We used species distribution models based on 6 climate variables and then filtered the obtained distributions based on maps of soil and vegetation types, and on recorded occurrences, resulting into the predicted ecological distribution of the 9 IAP's at a resolution of 1km2. We foundOur habitat suitability analysis showed that Ambrosia artemisiifolia, (24% and 40%) Robinia pseudoacaia (14% and 19%) and Ailanthus altissima (9% and 11%) have the largest potential distribution are the most abundant (predicted % area covered)d) IAP, with Ailanthus altissima the potentially most increasing one over the next fifty years (from 9% to 13% and from 11% to 25%), for Georgia and the Protected Areas, respectively. Furthermore, our results show indicate two areas in Georgia that are under specifically high threat, i.e. the area around Tbilisi and an area in the western part of Georgia (Adjara), both at lower altitudes. Our procedure to identify areas of high conservation value most at risk by IAP has been applied for the first time. It will help national authorities in prioritizing their measures to protect Georgia's outstanding biodiversity from the negative impact of IAP.

Managing the crises : how did local governments react to the financial crisis in 2008 and what explains the differences ? The case of Swiss municipalities

Swiss municipalities are, to a large extent, responsible for their financial resources. Since these resources primarily depend on income and property taxes from individuals and enterprises, municipality budgets are likely to be directly affected by the current crisis in the financial sector and the economy. This article investigates how municipalities perceived this threat and how they reacted to it. In a nationwide survey conducted at the end of 2009 in all 2596 Swiss municipalities, we asked local secretaries which measures had been launched in order to cope with expected losses in tax income and a possible increase in welfare spending. Did the municipalities rely on Keynesian measures increasing public spending and accepting greater deficits, or did they try to avoid further deficits by using austerity measures and a withdrawal of planned investments? Our results show that only a few municipalities - mainly the bigger ones - expected to be greatly affected by the crisis. Their reactions, however, did not reveal any clear patterns that theory would lead one to expect. Preferences for austerity measures and deficit spending become visible but many municipalities took measures from both theories. The strongest explanatory factors for determining how/why municipalities react are: the municipality's level of affectedness followed by whether or not the municipality belongs to the French-speaking part of the country. Size also has an impact, whereas the strength of the Social Democrat party is negligible. Explaining what kind of measures municipalities are likely to take is more difficult. However, the more a municipality is affected, the more likely it is to stick to austerity measures.

Emerging bacterial pathogens: the past and beyond.

Since the 1950s, medical communities have been facing with emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, and emerging pathogens are now considered to be a major microbiologic public health threat. In this review, we focus on bacterial emerging diseases and explore factors involved in their emergence as well as future challenges. We identified 26 major emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of bacterial origin; most of them originated either from an animal and are considered to be zoonoses or from water sources. Major contributing factors in the emergence of these bacterial infections are: (1) development of new diagnostic tools, such as improvements in culture methods, development of molecular techniques and implementation of mass spectrometry in microbiology; (2) increase in human exposure to bacterial pathogens as a result of sociodemographic and environmental changes; and (3) emergence of more virulent bacterial strains and opportunistic infections, especially affecting immunocompromised populations. A precise definition of their implications in human disease is challenging and requires the comprehensive integration of microbiological, clinical and epidemiologic aspects as well as the use of experimental models. It is now urgent to allocate financial resources to gather international data to provide a better understanding of the clinical relevance of these waterborne and zoonotic emerging diseases.

Will climate change increase the risk of plant invasions into mountains?

Mountain ecosystems have been less adversely affected by invasions of non-native plants than most other ecosystems, partially because most invasive plants in the lowlands are limited by climate and cannot grow under harsher high-elevation conditions. However, with ongoing climate change, invasive species may rapidly move upwards and threaten mid- then high-elevation mountain ecosystems. We evaluated this threat by predicting current and future potential distributions of 48 invasive plant species distributed in Switzerland (CH) and New South Wales (NSW), two areas where climate interacts differently with the elevation gradient. Using a species distribution modeling approach combining two scales, which builds on high-resolution data (< 250 m) but accounts for the global climatic niche of species, we found that different environmental drivers limit the elevation range of invasive species in the two regions, leading to region-specific species responses to climate change. Whereas the optimal suitability for plant invaders is predicted to markedly shift from the lowland to the montane or subalpine zone in CH, such an upward shift is far less pronounced in NSW where montane and subalpine elevations are currently already suitable. Non-native species able to invade the upper reaches of mountains in a future climate will be cold-tolerant in the Swiss Alps but preferring wet soils in the Australian Alps. Other plant traits were only marginally associated with elevation limits. These results demonstrate that a more systematic consideration of future distributions of invasive species is required in conservation plans of not yet invaded mountainous ecosystems.