Social Policy Preferences and Party Choice in the 2011 Swiss Elections

To what extent do social policy preferences explain party choice? This question has received little attention over the past years, because the bulk of the literature has argued that electoral choice is increasingly shaped by identity-based attitudes, rather than by preferences for economic-distributive social policies. We argue that in the wake of this debate, the significance of social policy preferences for electoral choice has been underestimated, because most contributions neglect social policy debates that are specific to post-industrial societies. In particular, they merely focus on income redistribution, while neglecting distributive conflicts around social investment. The Selects 2011 data allows investigating this crucial distinction for Switzerland. Our empirical analyses confirm that it is pivotal to take the pluridimensionality of distributive conflicts seriously: when looking at preferences for social investment rather than income redistribution, we find that social policy preferences are significant explanatory factors for the choice of the five major Swiss political parties.

A non-invasive assessment of hepatic glycogen kinetics and post-absorptive gluconeogenesis in man.

A novel approach to the study of hepatic glycogen kinetics and fractional gluconeogenesis in vivo is described. Ten healthy female subjects were fed an iso-caloric diet containing 55% carbohydrate energy with a 13C abundance of 1.083 atom percent for a 3-day baseline period; then, a diet of similar composition, but providing carbohydrate with a 13C abundance of 1.093 atom percent was started and continued for 5 days. Resting respiratory gas exchanges, urinary nitrogen excretion, breath 13CO2 and plasma 13C glucose were measured every morning in the fasting state. The enrichment in 13C of hepatic glycogen was calculated from these measured data. 13C glycogen enrichment increased after switching to a 13C enriched carbohydrate diet, and was identical to the 13C enrichment of dietary carbohydrates after 3 days. The time required to renew 50% of hepatic glycogen, as determined from the kinetics of 13C glycogen enrichment, was 18.9 +/- 3.6 h. Fractional gluconeogenesis, as determined from the difference between the enrichments of glucose oxidized originating from hepatic glycogen and plasma glucose 13C was 50.8 +/- 5.3%. This non-invasive method will allow the study of hepatic glycogen metabolism in insulin-resistant patients.

Prise en charge du syndrome post-thrombotique [Management of post-thrombotic syndrome].

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is the most frequent chronic complication of deep vein thrombosis with an estimated prevalence of 30-50%. PTS is a significant cause of disability, especially when complicated by venous ulcers. Therefore, it has important socio-economic consequences for both the patient and the health care system. Aim of this review is to resume state of the art literature on the management of PTS.

Gastrointestinal complications of post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome.

PURPOSE: Whereas gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain are common in children suffering from the so-called post-diarrheal form (D+) of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), more serious gastrointestinal complications are rare. We tried to define factors predictive of the severity of gastrointestinal complications post D+ HUS. METHODS: We reviewed the files of all children admitted to our hospital for D+ HUS between 1988 and 2000. We retained those cases with gastrointestinal complications and analyzed the consequences of these complications on the evolution of the children's conditions. RESULTS: Sixty-five children with D+ HUS were admitted to our hospital during this period. Sixteen children developed gastrointestinal complications involving one or more digestive organs: necrosis of the colon or ileum, hemorrhagic colitis, pancreatitis, transient diabetes, hepatic cytolysis and cholestasis, peritonitis and prolapse of the rectum. One child died. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal complications of D+ HUS are rare, but they can be lethal, and early surgery may sometimes prove necessary. However, we were not able to demonstrate a correlation between the severity of the gastrointestinal manifestations and the clinical or biological signs accompanying D+ HUS.

Sudden death: ethical and legal problems of post-mortem forensic genetic testing for hereditary cardiac diseases.

Hereditary non-structural diseases such as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), long QT, and the Brugada syndrome as well as structural disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) cause a significant percentage of sudden cardiac deaths in the young. In these cases, genetic testing can be useful and does not require proxy consent if it is carried out at the request of judicial authorities as part of a forensic death investigation. Mutations in several genes are implicated in arrhythmic syndromes, including SCN5A, KCNQ1, KCNH2, RyR2, and genes causing HCM. If the victim's test is positive, this information is important for relatives who might be themselves at risk of carrying the disease-causing mutation. There is no consensus about how professionals should proceed in this context. This article discusses the ethical and legal arguments in favour of and against three options: genetic testing of the deceased victim only; counselling of relatives before testing the victim; counselling restricted to relatives of victims who tested positive for mutations of serious and preventable diseases. Legal cases are mentioned that pertain to the duty of geneticists and other physicians to warn relatives. Although the claim for a legal duty is tenuous, recent publications and guidelines suggest that geneticists and others involved in the multidisciplinary approach of sudden death (SD) cases may, nevertheless, have an ethical duty to inform relatives of SD victims. Several practical problems remain pertaining to the costs of testing, the counselling and to the need to obtain permission of judicial authorities.

Forensic intelligence framework. Part II: study of the main generic building blocks and challenges through the examples of illicit drugs and false identity documents monitoring

The development of forensic intelligence relies on the expression of suitable models that better represent the contribution of forensic intelligence in relation to the criminal justice system, policing and security. Such models assist in comparing and evaluating methods and new technologies, provide transparency and foster the development of new applications. Interestingly, strong similarities between two separate projects focusing on specific forensic science areas were recently observed. These observations have led to the induction of a general model (Part I) that could guide the use of any forensic science case data in an intelligence perspective. The present article builds upon this general approach by focusing on decisional and organisational issues. The article investigates the comparison process and evaluation system that lay at the heart of the forensic intelligence framework, advocating scientific decision criteria and a structured but flexible and dynamic architecture. These building blocks are crucial and clearly lay within the expertise of forensic scientists. However, it is only part of the problem. Forensic intelligence includes other blocks with their respective interactions, decision points and tensions (e.g. regarding how to guide detection and how to integrate forensic information with other information). Formalising these blocks identifies many questions and potential answers. Addressing these questions is essential for the progress of the discipline. Such a process requires clarifying the role and place of the forensic scientist within the whole process and their relationship to other stakeholders.

Une approche causale des comportements d'achat et post-achat de produits écolabellisés

RESUMÉ Objectifs de la recherche: Depuis quelques années, l'utilisation de l'écologie dans le marketing a connu un essor considérable, aussi bien dans le monde académique que dans la pratique. De nos jours, la notion de label suscite un vif intérêt auprès des entreprises désireuses de promouvoir des produits "verts". Le principe de l'écolabellisation consiste à fournir aux consommateurs, en plus du prix, un nouvel élément de comparaison des produits. Les écolabels sont considérés comme l'un des meilleurs outils pour informer le consommateur, d'une manière claire et compréhensible, de l'impact du produit sur l'environnement. Nous nous intéressons, dans le cadre de notre travail, à l'étude du comportement d'achat des produits écolabellisés. En dépit de leur popularité croissante, les études académiques portant sur les labels écologiques sont relativement rares et de nombreuses problématiques demeurent en suspens. L'étude du comportement d'achat - au sens large - mérite notamment d'être approfondie. Notre recherche a plusieurs volets. Premièrement, nous étudions l'impact des valeurs, de l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie, du scepticisme, de la compréhension du label et de la connaissance de l'écologie sur le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Ensuite, nous testons la cohérence entre comportements écologiques en introduisant un comportement post- achat (le triage des déchets ménagers). Théories sous-jacentes: Notre étude repose sur différents apports académiques relatifs au comportement du consommateur "vert" mais également sur des concepts issus de la psychologie et de la sociologie. Nous présentons d'abord la littérature portant sur la caractérisation du consommateur "vert" (Webster, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Van Liere et Dunlap, 1981; Balderjahn, 1988; Antil, 1984; Grunert et Juhl, 1995; Roberts, 1996). Nous abordons ensuite les études portant sur les valeurs (Schwartz, 1992; 1994), l'implication (Zaichkowsy, 1994), le scepticisme (Gray-Lee, Scammon et Mayer, 1994; Mohr et al., 1998), la compréhension des écolabels (van Dam et Reuvekamp, 1995; Thogersen, 2000) et la connaissance de l'écologie (Maloney et al., 1973, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Pickett et al., 1993). Ces variables nous semblent être les plus à même d'influencer le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Enfin, sur la base des travaux de Valette-Florence et Roehrich (1993), nous développons un modèle de causalité, centré sur la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Hypothèses de recherche et opérationnalisation des variables: Nous développons 16 hypothèses de recherche dont 12 portent sur les rapports de causalité entre construits. Par ailleurs, pour mieux comprendre la personnalité du consommateur de produits écolabellisés, nous distinguons les variables reflétant un intérêt collectif (altruisme) de celles reflétant un intérêt individuel (égocentrisme). La mesure des différents construits reposent sur la liste de Schwartz (1992, 1994) pour les valeurs, l'échelle d'implication de Zaichkowsy (1994) pour la publicité, l'échelle développée par Mohs et al. (1998) pour mesurer le scepticisme et une liste de questions portant sur l'écologie (Diekmann, 1996) pour tester le niveau de connaissance. Les comportements d'achat et post-achat sont mesurés respectivement à l'aide de questions relatives à la fréquence d'achat de produits écolabellisés et du triage des déchets ménagers. Collecte des données: Le recueil des données s'effectue par sondage, en ayant recours à des questionnaires auto-administrés. L'échantillon comprend de 368 étudiants provenant de diverses facultés de sciences humaines de Suisse Romande. Analyse des données et interprétation des résultats: Notre étude porte sur le comportement d'achat de trois labels écologiques et sur le triage de 7 déchets ménagers. Les différentes analyses montrent que certaines valeurs ont un impact sur l'implication et que l'implication a une influence positive sur le comportement d'achat et post-achat. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que l'implication sert de variable médiatrice entre les valeurs et le comportement. De plus, la compréhension de l'écolabel influence de manière positive l'achat de produits écolabellisés, la connaissance de l'écologie a une influence positive sur le comportement post-achat et le scepticisme vis-à-vis de l'utilité du triage des déchets ménagers influence négativement le comportement de triage. Implications managériales: Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu'outre la valeur "protection de l'environnement", d'autres valeurs comme "la stimulation" ou encore "l'accomplissement" influencent de manière significative l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie qui à son tour influence l'achat de produits écolabellisés. Le manager doit donc tenir compte du fait que le consommateur est impliqué dans l'écologie. Ensuite, la compréhension du label joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'achat. De plus, le consommateur ne semble pas être sceptique par rapport aux informations fournies par les écolabels et le niveau de connaissance de l'écologie n'affecte pas son comportement. Enfin, le consommateur semble agir de manière cohérente en achetant différents produits écolabellisés. Apports, limites et voies de recherche: Notre étude contribue à l'enrichissement de la recherche sur le comportement du consommateur dans un contexte écologique à plusieurs égards, notamment par l'étude de la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Néanmoins, la portée de notre recherche est naturellement restreinte en raison du nombre limité de cas étudiés, soit 3 labels écologiques relativement peu connus de notre échantillon. Il serait utile de répéter l'étude en utilisant des labels plus populaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons eu recours à des échelles développées dans des contextes quelque peu différents. En particulier, une échelle d'implication devrait être développée spécifiquement pour le contexte écologique.

Validation française d'un questionnaire de stress post-traumatique destiné aux parents d'enfants présentant un risque périnatal élevé = French validation of the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" assessing parent's posttraumatic stress reactions following the birth of a high risk infant.

(from the journal abstract) Objectives: The birth of a high risk infant--such as a very or extremely premature infant--can represent an important traumatic experience for parents. R. DeMier, M. Hynan et al's "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" aims at exploring, retrospectively, parent's posttraumatic stress reactions following the birth of a high risk infant. This paper describes the French validation of this questionnaire. Methods: Fifty-two families with a very or extremely premature infant and 25 families with a full term infant responded to the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" and the "Impact of Event Scale" when children were 18 months old. Results: Parents of high risk infants can present posttraumatic stress reactions such as intrusion, avoidance or arousal symptoms. The French version of the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" has satisfactory psychometric properties. Conclusions: As posttraumatic reactions are not directly related to objective descriptions of the stressful event, it may be essential to the liaison child psychiatrist to consider individual posttraumatic reactions in order to optimise preventive intervention with the parents. A questionnaire should not replace a clinical interview, however it may represent a useful screening tool. Also, this questionnaire should be useful for research purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)

CO2 production of the chick embryo during the first day of post-laying development.

The carbon dioxide production of the chick embryo cultured in vitro has been determined during the first 24 h of post-laying development using a non-invasive conductometric microtechnique. The mean CO2 production of the whole blastoderm (1) increased from 16 nmol/h at laying to 231 nmol/h at early neurulation, (2) became dependent on exogenous glucose and (3) was closely linked to mechanical tension generated in the blastoderm (loosening from vitelline membrane resulted in a decrease of 56%). In our experimental conditions, no significant influence of carbonic anhydrase on the CO2 production has been detected. The value of the respiratory exchange ratio varied from about 3 at pregastrular stages to 1 at neurula stage and CO2 was produced transiently in presence of antimycin A. Such results indicate that the source of CO2 is not exclusively mitochondrial and that the relative proportions of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial CO2 productions might vary significantly throughout the early development. Our findings confirm that the metabolism of the chick embryo becomes more and more oxidative from laying onwards and suggest that the modifications of metabolism observed during the studied period of development could be associated with functional differentiation.

Chimioradiothérapie postopératoire des cancers des voies aérodigestives : vers un nouveau standard [Post-operative radiochemotherapy of the head and neck: Towards new standards?]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. Their treatment remains controversial, and has to be multidisciplinary. External beam radiotherapy is a recognized treatment option after radical curative surgery in order to improve local control. Different adjuvant treatment options have been studied in order to improve the outcome of these patients. We review in this paper the different prognostic factors indicating an adjuvant treatment and the interest of treatment intensification in bad prognostic patients.