Altered high-energy phosphate metabolism predicts contractile dysfunction and subsequent ventricular remodeling in pressure-overload hypertrophy mice.

To study the role of early energetic abnormalities in the subsequent development of heart failure, we performed serial in vivo combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in mice that underwent pressure-overload following transverse aorta constriction (TAC). After 3 wk of TAC, a significant increase in left ventricular (LV) mass (74 +/- 4 vs. 140 +/- 26 mg, control vs. TAC, respectively; P < 0.000005), size [end-diastolic volume (EDV): 48 +/- 3 vs. 61 +/- 8 microl; P < 0.005], and contractile dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF): 62 +/- 4 vs. 38 +/- 10%; P < 0.000005] was observed, as well as depressed cardiac energetics (PCr/ATP: 2.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.4, P < 0.0005) measured by combined MRI/MRS. After an additional 3 wk, LV mass (140 +/- 26 vs. 167 +/- 36 mg; P < 0.01) and cavity size (EDV: 61 +/- 8 vs. 76 +/- 8 microl; P < 0.001) increased further, but there was no additional decline in PCr/ATP or EF. Cardiac PCr/ATP correlated inversely with end-systolic volume and directly with EF at 6 wk but not at 3 wk, suggesting a role of sustained energetic abnormalities in evolving chamber dysfunction and remodeling. Indeed, reduced cardiac PCr/ATP observed at 3 wk strongly correlated with changes in EDV that developed over the ensuing 3 wk. These data suggest that abnormal energetics due to pressure overload predict subsequent LV remodeling and dysfunction.

Expanding view of phenotype and oxidative stress in Friedreich's ataxia patients with and without idebenone

Summary: Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), the most common autosomal recessive ataxia, is characterised by progressive ataxia with dysarthria of speech, loss of deep-tendon reflexes, impaired vibratory and proprioceptive sensations and corticospinal weakness with a Babinski's sign. Patients eventually also develop kyphoscoliosis, cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus. The disease is a GAA repeat disorder resulting in severely reduced levels of frataxin, with secondary increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. The anti-oxidative drug, idebenone, is effective against FRDA-associated cardiomyopathy. We provide detailed clinical, electrophysiological and biochemical data from 20 genetically confirmed FRDA patients and have analysed the relation-ship between phenotype, genotype and malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker of superoxide formation. We assessed the effects of idebenone biochemically by measuring blood M DA and clinically by serial measurements of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). The GAA repeat length influenced the age at onset (p <0.001), the severity of ataxia (p= 0.02), the presence of cardiomyopathy (p =0.04) and of low-frequency hearing loss (p = 0.009). Multilinear regression analysis showed (p = 0.006) that ICARS was dependent on the two variables of disease duration (p = 0.01) and size of the GAA expansion (p = 0.02). We found no correlation to bilateral palpebral ptosis visual impairment, diabetes mellitus or skeletal deformities, all of which appear to be signs of disease progression rather than severity. We discuss more thoroughly two underrecognised clinical findings: palpebral ptosis and GAA length-dependent low-frequency hearing loss. The average ICARS remained unchanged in 10 patients for whom follow-up on treatment was available (mean 2.9 years), whereas most patients treated with idebenone reported an improvement in dysarthria (63%), hand dexterity (.58%) and fatigue (47%) after taking the drug for several weeks or months. Oxidative stress analysis showed an unexpected increase in blood MDA levels in patients on idebenone (p = 0.04), and we discuss the putative underlying mechanism for this result, which could then explain the unique efficacy of idebenone in treating the FRDA-associated cardiomyopathy, as opposed to other antioxidative drugs. Indeed, idebenone is not only a powerful stimulator of complexes II and III of the respiratory chain, but also an inhibitor of complex I activity, then promoting superoxide formation. Our preliminary clinical observations are the first to date supporting an effect of idebenone in delaying neurological worsening. Our MDA results point to the dual effect of idebenone on oxidative stress and to the need for controlled studies to assess its potential toxicity at high doses on the one hand, and to revisit the exact mechanisms underlying the .physiopathology of Friedreich's ataxia on the other hand, while recent reports suggest non-oxidative pathophysiology of the disease.

Ventricularisation of the left atrium: a rare cause of left ventricular dysfunction in a patient with mitral valve prolapse

Case: A 11 yo girl with Marfan syndrome was referred to cardiac MR (CMR) to measure the size of her thoracic aorta. She had a typical phenotype with arachnodactyly, abnormally long arms, and was tall and slim (156 cm, 28 kg, body mass index 11,5 kg/m2). She complained of no symptoms. Cardiac auscultation revealed a prominent mid-systolic click and an end-systolic murmur at the apex. A recent echocardiogram showed a moderately dilated left ventricle with normal function and a mitral valve prolapse with moderate mitral valve regurgitation. CMR showed a dilatation of the aortic root (38 mm, Z-score 8.9) and a severe prolapse of the mitral valve with regurgitation. The ventricular cavity was moderately dilated (116 ml/m2) and its contraction was hyperdynamic (stroke volume (SV): 97 ml; LVEF 72%, with the LV volumes measured by modified Simpson method from the apex to the mitral annulus). In this patient however, the mitral prolapse was characterized by a severe backward movement of the valve toward the left atrium (LA) in systole and the dyskinetic movement of the atrioventricular plane caused a ventricularisation of a part of the LA in systole (Figure). This resulted in a significant reduction of LVEF: more than ¼ of the apparent SV was displaced backwards into the ventricularized LA volume, reducing the effective LVEF to 51% (effective SV 69ml). Moreover, by flow measurement, the SV across the ascending aorta was 30 ml (cardiac index 2.0 l/min/m2) allowing the calculation of a regurgitant fraction across the mitral valve of 56%, which was diagnostic for a severe mitral valve insufficiency. Conclusion: This case illustrates the phenomenon of a ventricularisation of the LA where the severe prolapse gives the illusion of a higher attachement of the mitral leaflets within the atrial wall. Besides the severe mitral regurgitation, this paradoxical backwards movement of the valve causes an intraventricular unloading during systole reducing the apparent LVEF of 72% to an effective LVEF of only 51%. In addition, forward flow fraction is only 22% after accounting for the regurgitant volume, as well. This combined involvement of the mitral valve could explain the discrepancy between a low output state and an apparently hyperdynamic LV contraction. Due to its ability to precisely measure flows and volumes, CMR is particularly suited to detect this phenomenon and to quantify its impact on the LV pump function.

Absence of nonhematopoietic MHC class II expression protects mice from experimental autoimmune myocarditis.

Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated model of human inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathies. Heart-specific CD4(+) T-cell activation is dependent on autoantigens presented by MHC class II (MHCII) molecules expressed on professional APCs. In this study, we addressed the role of inflammation-induced MHCII expression by cardiac nonhematopoietic cells on EAM development. EAM was induced in susceptible mice lacking inducible expression of MHCII molecules on all nonhematopoietic cells (pIV-/- K14 class II transactivator (CIITA) transgenic (Tg) mice) by immunization with α-myosin heavy chain peptide in CFA. Lack of inducible nonhematopoietic MHCII expression in pIV-/- K14 CIITA Tg mice conferred EAM resistance. In contrast, cardiac pathology was induced in WT and heterozygous mice, and correlated with elevated cardiac endothelial MHCII expression. Control mice with myocarditis displayed an increase in infiltrating CD4(+) T cells and in expression of IFN-γ, which is the major driver of nonhematopoietic MHCII expression. Mechanistically, IFN-γ neutralization in WT mice shortly before disease onset resulted in reduced cardiac MHCII expression and pathology. These findings reveal a previously overlooked contribution of IFN-γ to induce endothelial MHCII expression in the heart and to progress cardiac pathology during myocarditis.

Aetiologies of pulseless electrical activity in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests:A retrospective study and analysis of specific causes

Background: Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) cardiac arrest is defined as a cardiac arrest (CA) presenting with a residual organized electrical activity on the electrocardiogram. In the last decades, the incidence of PEA has regularly increased, compared to other types of CA like ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. PEA is frequently induced by reversible conditions. The "4 (or 5) H" & "4 (or 5) T" are proposed as a mnemonic to asses for Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hypo- /Hyperkalaemia, Hypothermia, Thrombosis (cardiac or pulmonary), cardiac Tamponade, Toxins, and Tension pneumothorax. Other pathologies (intracranial haemorrhage, severe sepsis, myocardial contraction dysfunction) have been identified as potential causes for PEA, but their respective probability and frequencies are unclear and they are not yet included into the resuscitation guidelines. The aim of this study was to analyse the aetiologies of PEA out-of-hospital CA, in order to evaluate the relative frequencies of each cause and therefore to improve the management of patients suffering a PEA cardiac arrest. Method: This retrospective study was based on data routinely and prospectively collected for each PEMS intervention. All adult patients treated from January 1st 2002 to December 2012 31st by the PEMS for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with PEA as the first recorded rhythm, and admitted to the emergency department (ED) of the Lausanne University Hospital were included. The aetiologies of PEA cardiac arrest were classified into subgroups, based on the classical H&T's classification, supplemented by four other subgroups analysis: trauma, intra-cranial haemorrhage (ICH), non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NIC) and undetermined cause. Results: 1866 OHCA were treated by the PEMS. PEA was the first recorded rhythm in 240 adult patients (13.8 %). After exclusion of 96 patients, 144 patients with a PEA cardiac arrest admitted to the ED were included in the analysis. The mean age was 63.8 ± 20.0 years, 58.3% were men and the survival rate at 48 hours was 29%. 32 different causes of OHCA PEA were established for 119 patients. For 25 patients (17.4 %), we were unable to attribute a specific cause for the PEA cardiac arrest. Hypoxia (23.6 %), acute coronary syndrome (12.5%) and trauma (12.5 %) were the three most frequent causes. Pulmonary embolism, Hypovolemia, Intoxication and Hyperkaliemia occurs in less than 10% of the cases (7.6 %, 5.6 %, 3.5%, respectively 2.1 %). Non ischemic cardiomyopathy and intra-cranial haemorrhage occur in 8.3 % and 6.9 %, respectively. Conclusions: According to our results, intra-cranial haemorrhage and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy represent noticeable causes of PEA in OHCA, with a prevalence equalling or exceeding the frequency of classical 4 H's and 4 T's aetiologies. These two pathologies are potentially accessible to simple diagnostic procedures (native CT-scan or echocardiography) and should be included into the 4 H's and 4 T's mnemonic.

Etude de l'évolution des patients porteurs d'une cardiomyopathie hypertrophique obstructive (CMHO) après alcoolisation septale

La cardiomyopathie hypertrophique (CMH) est la maladie cardiaque monogénique la plus fréquente, touchant environ 1 individu sur 500 dans la population (1,2). L'étiologie est familiale dans la majorité des cas avec une transmission de type autosomal dominant à pénétrance variable. Deux gènes principaux sont à l'origine de la maladie chez 70% des patients avec un test génétique positif. Il s'agit des gènes qui codent pour la chaine lourde β de la myosine (MYH7) et la protéine C liant la myosine (MYBPC3) (1-3). La CMH est définie par la présence d'une hypertrophie myocardique « inadéquate » car se développant en l'absence d'une cause d'augmentation de la post-charge (HTA, sténose aortique, membrane sous-aortique), d'une pathologie infiltrative ou d'un entrainement physique (4,5). Le plus souvent asymétrique et affectant préférentiellement le septum, cette hypertrophie s'accompagne dans près de deux tiers des cas d'une obstruction dynamique sous-aortique de la chambre de chasse du ventricule gauche par la valve mitrale (systolic anterior motion ou SAM). Cette obstruction est à la fois la conséquence du rétrécissement de la chambre de chasse par l'hypertrophie septale mais également d'un malpositionnement de la valve mitrale (6-8). On parle alors de Cardiomyopathie Hypertrophique et Obstructive (CMHO). L'obstruction - présente au repos dans 50% des cas et uniquement après manoeuvres de provocation dans l'autre moitié des cas (manoeuvre de Valsalva, test de vasodilatation par nitrite d'amyle) est à l'origine d'un gradient de pression entre le ventricule gauche et l'aorte, et donc d'une surcharge de pression pour le ventricule gauche. Cette surcharge de pression est à l'origine des symptômes classiquement rencontrés soit dyspnée et angor d'effort, présyncope voire syncopes à l'effort. Un gradient sous-aortique de plus de 50 mmHg (mesuré au repos ou après provocation) est considéré comme un gradient à valeur pronostique (6-8) et justifiant un traitement si associé à des symptômes. Le traitement médical des formes obstructives repose sur l'administration de substances inotropes négatives et/ou susceptibles de favoriser la relaxation myocardique tels que les béta-bloqueurs, les antagonistes du calcium et le disopyramide - pris isolément ou en association. Pour les nombreux patients qui deviennent réfractaires ou intolérants à ces traitements, deux interventions peuvent leur être proposées pour lever l'obstruction : une myotomie-myectomie chirurgicale du septum (9,10) ou une alcoolisation du septum par voie percutanée (7,8). Les indications à ces interventions sont les suivantes (7,8,11) : 1. Symptômes (dyspnée de classe fonctionnelle NYHA III ou IV, angor de classe fonctionnelle CCS III ou IV, syncope, ou présyncope) réfractaires au traitement médical ou intolérance du patient au traitement. Une dyspnée de classe II est considérée suffisante dans le cas de jeunes patients. 2. Obstruction sous-aortique avec gradient supérieur ou égal à 50 mmHg, au repos ou après manoeuvre de provocation, associée à une hypertrophie septale et à un mouvement systolique antérieur de la valve mitrale (effet SAM) 3. Anatomiecardiaquefavorableàuntraitementinvasif(épaisseurduseptumde plus de 16 mm) Si la myectomie chirurgicale reste la méthode de référence (12-18), l'alcoolisation septale du myocarde par voie percutanée est devenue un des traitements de choix dans la thérapie de la Cardiomyopathie Hypertrophique Obstructive réfractaire. Elle consiste à repérer par coronarographie l'artère septale nourrissant le septum basal hypertrophié, puis à y introduire un petit ballon pour isoler ce territoire du reste du lit coronaire avant d'y injecter une dose d'alcool à 95% comprise entre 1 et 5 cc. On crée ainsi un infarctus chimique, technique qui fut dans le passé utilisée pour le traitement de certaines tumeurs. Les effets ne sont pas immédiats et nécessitent généralement 2-3 semaines avant de se manifester. On assiste alors à une diminution progressive de l'épaisseur du myocarde nécrosé (7), à la disparition progressive de l'obstruction et à l'amélioration / disparition des symptômes. La question de savoir qui de la chirurgie ou de l'alcoolisation est le plus efficace a été source de nombreux débats (7,11-13,18). Par rapport à la chirurgie, les avantages de la méthode percutanée sont les suivants (11,14,15,18,19) : - Efficacités hémodynamique et fonctionnelle jugées comparable à la chirurgie selon les études - Taux de morbidité et de mortalité très faible et non supérieure à la chirurgie - Absence de sternotomie - Diminution de la durée de l'hospitalisation et surtout de la période de convalescence, le patient pouvant reprendre une activité dès son retour à domicile Certains experts émettent néanmoins des doutes quant à l'innocuité à long terme de la méthode, les zones nécrotiques pouvant servir de terrain arythmogène. Pour ces raisons, la méthode n'est pas recommandée chez les patients de moins de 40 ans (6,8). Le risque majeur de l'alcoolisation du septum proximal réside dans l'induction d'un bloc atrio-ventriculaire complet chimique, le noeud atrio-ventriculaire étant justement situé dans cette région. Ce risque augmente avec la quantité d'alcool administrée et nécessite, si persistance après trois jours, l'implantation d'un pacemaker à demeure. Selon les centres, le taux d'implantation d'un stimulateur varie ainsi entre 7% et 20% (7,14,20). L'efficacité clinique et l'incidence des complications est donc en partie liée à la compétence technique et à l'expérience de l'opérateur (7,14), mais aussi aux choix des patients. Il peut donc varier grandement selon les centres médicaux. L'étude proposée vise à analyser les résultats de l'alcoolisation obtenus à Lausanne, jusqu'à présent pas encore été étudiés, et à les comparer à ceux de la littérature.