La "bientraitance", exploration du concept et essai d'utilisation en santé publique: une expérience à Fribourg (Suisse). ["Bientraitance": conceptual exploration and an example of its application in public health: an experience from Fribourg, Switzerland]

Since the year 2000, the concept of "bientraitance" (for which no equivalent term has yet emerged in either the English or German language) has gained widespread credence among educators, sociologists and health professionals in France and Belgium. This concept emphasizes a constructive approach to care and education rather than merely one of prevention of disasters. Applied in public health, and in particular to mental health promotion, the use of the concept of "bientraitance" can help promote both effectiveness and meaning in the design and planning of community interventions. The article presents an example of an intervention for children and adolescents in Fribourg, Switzerland. The underpinning hypothesis is that the children and youth groups (such as sports clubs, artistic and cultural associations, scouts and guides) represent largely untapped, or under-tapped, informal health resources with a favourable cost-effectiveness profile. "Bientraitance" criteria are used in selecting certain associations offering structured extracurricular group educational activities and collective out-of-school (or after school) programmes. Support is provided to the organisations selected for recruiting new members, in particular those with potentially lower levels of access, for example disabled children or new migrants. The results will be evaluated for the impact of participation in various out-of-school activities on health and health determinants from a prospective and comparative perspective. This paper shows how the concept of "bientraitance" can be useful in the development of a public health intervention.

Introduction : où en est l'analyse de réseaux en histoire?

Le concept de réseau est aujourd'hui largement entré dans le vocabulaire des sciences sociales. En histoire, l'introduction du vocabulaire des réseaux a souvent été liée à des démarches situées à une échelle « micro » et travaillant à mettre en évidence l'agency individuelle. Depuis les années 1990, une analyse de réseaux plus formalisée a fait des apparitions épisodiques, et inégales selon les domaines linguistiques, dans d'autres travaux historiques fondés au contraire sur des observations systématiques à une échelle macro. Après 30 ans d'une intégration de la catégorie à la démarche historique, un véritable savoir-faire historien émerge autour des questionnements auxquels elle est associée et des méthodologies qu'elle implique. Cependant, si l'analyse de réseaux a déjà largement fait la preuve de son intérêt dans certains domaines spécifiques de l'histoire, il existe trop peu de dialogue entre ceux qui la pratiquent ; notre souhait, en donnant à voir les parentés et les différences entre des textes issus de pays et de sous-disciplines variés, est bien de promouvoir un tel dialogue.

Adolescents suicidants et attachement.

L'article présente le protocole et les premiers résultats d'une enquête menée actuellement à l'université de Liège (Belgique) pour rechercher l'existence de corrélations entre attachement et tentatives de suicide à l'adolescence. L' enquête comporte deux types d'échantillons d'adolescents de 16 à 20 ans. Un premier groupe concerne 75 adolescents «tout venant» rencontrés dans différentes écoles. Le second concerne des adolescents suicidants hospitalisés en (pédo) psychiatrie ou suivis en ambulatoire. L'enquête comprend: 1) une enquête rétrospective sur les habitudes de vie pendant l'enfance. Un questionnaire -anonyme-reprend des renseignements concernant la situation familiale, de possibles traumatismes, les habitudes de vie entre 0 - 6 ans ainsi que la situation actuelle de l'adolescent. 2) une échelle d'estime de soi: estimation de l'image que l'adolescent a de lui face à ses proches puis de l'image qu'il pense que ses proches ont de lui. 3) un auto questionnaire de dépression et d'anxiété (HADS). 4) un test d'évaluation du type d'attachement (CaMIR). Les résultats (23 adolescents suicidants, tous de nationalité belge et de famille d'origine belge) montrent une plus grande proportion de filles et une plus grande proportion issue de couples séparés. Les adolescents suicidants ont plus fréquemment un attachement insécure (type préoccupé) que le groupe témoin; ils obtiennent beaucoup plus souvent -mais pas toujours-un score de dépression sévère. Ils rapportent une moins bonne image d'eux-mêmes; ils signalent beaucoup plus de problèmes de sommeil, plus fréquemment présents déjà dans l'enfance. Ils signalent plus de comportements à risque et de fugues.

Severe and prolonged hypophosphatemia after intravenous iron administration in a malnourished patient.

Malnutrition may result in a phosphate-deficient state owing to a chronically insufficient phosphate intake. Concomitant iron deficiency is common and often supplemented by the intravenous route. It is not widely recognized that some parenteral iron formulations can induce hypophosphatemia. Herein we report a case of a severe and symptomatic hypophosphatemia (0.18 mM, normal range 0.8-1.4 mM) associated with an inappropriately reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate (33%, norm >95%) in a malnourished patient with anorexia/bulimia who received 2 × 500 mg iron carboxymaltose (FCM) intravenously. Despite intravenous and oral phosphate supplements, it required 2 months to achieve a normal serum phosphate level. Our case demonstrates that in a chronically malnourished and phosphate-deficient state intravenous FCM could potentially be dangerous. If this form of iron application cannot be avoided, phosphate supplementation before and after iron infusion as well as close monitoring of phosphate levels are needed.

De Novo Production of Metabolites by Fungal Co-culture of Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca.

The co-cultivation of fungi has recently been described as a promising strategy to induce the production of novel metabolites through possible gene activation. A large screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media has identified an unusual long-distance growth inhibition between Trichophyton rubrum and Bionectria ochroleuca. To study metabolite induction in this particular fungal interaction, differential LC-MS-based metabolomics was performed on pure strain cultures and on their co-cultures. The comparison of the resulting fingerprints highlighted five de novo induced compounds, which were purified using software-oriented semipreparative HPLC-MS. One metabolite was successfully identified as 4″-hydroxysulfoxy-2,2″-dimethylthielavin P (a substituted trimer of 3,5-dimethylorsellinic acid). The nonsulfated form, as well as three other related compounds, were found in the pure strain culture of B. ochroleuca.

Detection of metabolite induction in fungal co-cultures on solid media by high-throughput differential ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting.

Access to new biological sources is a key element of natural product research. A particularly large number of biologically active molecules have been found to originate from microorganisms. Very recently, the use of fungal co-culture to activate the silent genes involved in metabolite biosynthesis was found to be a successful method for the induction of new compounds. However, the detection and identification of the induced metabolites in the confrontation zone where fungi interact remain very challenging. To tackle this issue, a high-throughput UHPLC-TOF-MS-based metabolomic approach has been developed for the screening of fungal co-cultures in solid media at the petri dish level. The metabolites that were overexpressed because of fungal interactions were highlighted by comparing the LC-MS data obtained from the co-cultures and their corresponding mono-cultures. This comparison was achieved by subjecting automatically generated peak lists to statistical treatments. This strategy has been applied to more than 600 co-culture experiments that mainly involved fungal strains from the Fusarium genera, although experiments were also completed with a selection of several other filamentous fungi. This strategy was found to provide satisfactory repeatability and was used to detect the biomarkers of fungal induction in a large panel of filamentous fungi. This study demonstrates that co-culture results in consistent induction of potentially new metabolites.

Effect of intradialytic resistance band exercise on physical function in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot study.

Although physical activity is recommended in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), randomized controlled trials testing the effects of exercise in this population have given conflicting results. In general, aerobic exercises mostly failed to produce improvements in physical function, whereas resistance exercises, although less studied, appeared to be more promising. The use of sophisticated materials such as leg press and free weights may preclude widespread application of resistance training in patients on MHD. Simple and cheap elastic bands may thus be an attractive alternative. We tested the feasibility of a supervised intradialytic resistance band exercise training program, and its effects on physical function, in patients on MHD. A total of 11 unselected adult patients on MHD from our center, aged 70 ± 10.7 (mean ± standard deviation) years, including 8 men and 3 women, accepted to follow the program under the supervision of qualified physiotherapists. Thirty-six exercise sessions of moderate intensity (twice a week, mean duration 40 minutes each, during 4.5 to 6 months), mainly involving leg muscles against an elastic resistance, were performed. The exercise program was well tolerated and all patients completed it. Statistically significant improvements were observed in the following tests: Tinetti test, 23.9 ± 3.9 points before versus 25.7 ± 3.5 points after the program (P = .022); the Timed Up and Go test, 12.1 ± 6.6 versus 10 ± 5.8 seconds (P = .0156). Improvements in the 6-minute walk distance and in the one-leg balance tests just failed to reach statistical significance. In this single-center pilot study, an intradialytic resistance band exercise program was feasible, well tolerated, and showed encouraging results on physical function.

Analyse des réseaux et histoire : outils, approches, problèmes / Análisis de redes e historia: herramientas, aproximaciones, problemas

http://revista-redes.rediris.es/indicevol21.htm