Non-remboursement de la fécondation in vitro : il est temps de changer d'avis

La fécondation in vitro (FIV) n'est pas remboursée. Le Tribunal fédéral le répète inlassablement depuis bientôt 30 ans. Néanmoins, les assurées ne baissent pas les bras et périodiquement resoumettent la question, espérant que de nouvelles données scientifiques sauront infléchir la Haute Cour. En vain. Le tribunal l'a redit en octobre 2012:1 cette prestation n'est pas à charge des caisses.2 L'ordonnance sur les prestations de l'assurance-maladie (OPAS3) le prévoit explicitement, et il n'y a simplement pas lieu d'examiner une disposition d'une ordonnance du Département fédéral de l'intérieur (DFI). Le raisonnement est toutefois un peu court. Premièrement, le refus du Tribunal fédéral d'examiner si l'ordonnance respecte le cadre de la délégation législative ne convainc pas. Deuxièmement, la FIV remplit les critères imposés à la prise en charge tels que décidés par le législateur dans la loi sur l'assurance-maladie (LAMal4). Enfin, les assurés qui décident de recourir contre un refus de remboursement sont privés des garanties minimales de procédure que leur garantit pourtant la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. La présente contribution commence par une brève description de la FIV. Elle expose ensuite la législation applicable (partie 2) et la jurisprudence fédérale qui en découle (partie 3). La partie suivante critique la position du Tribunal fédéral au regard des principes énoncés dans la législation. Une comparaison avec l'insémination intra-utérine (IIU), pour laquelle le Tribunal fédéral a admis le remboursement, met en lumière les incohérences de la jurisprudence. La compatibilité de la jurisprudence fédérale avec l'art. 6 de la Convention européenne sur les droits de l'homme est évaluée. La conclusion plaide pour une réforme partielle du système procédural gouvernant la prise en charge des prestations de soins, mais aussi des techniques médicales alternatives.

Predictors of the risk of fibrosis at 10 years after breast conserving therapy for early breast cancer: a study based on the EORTC Trial 22881-10882 'boost versus no boost'.

The EORTC 22881-10882 trial in 5178 conservatively treated early breast cancer patients showed that a 16 Gy boost dose significantly improved local control, but increased the risk of breast fibrosis. To investigate predictors for the long-term risk of fibrosis, Cox regression models of the time to moderate or severe fibrosis were developed on a random set of 1797 patients with and 1827 patients without a boost, and validated in the remaining set. The median follow-up was 10.7 years. The risk of fibrosis significantly increased (P<0.01) with increasing maximum whole breast irradiation (WBI) dose and with concomitant chemotherapy, but was independent of age. In the boost arm, the risk further increased (P<0.01) if patients had post-operative breast oedema or haematoma, but it decreased (P<0.01) if WBI was given with >6 MV photons. The c-index was around 0.62. Nomograms with these factors are proposed to forecast the long-term risk of moderate or severe fibrosis.

Epidemiology of uveitis in children over a 10-year period.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to investigate the demographics, aetiologies, complications, treatments and visual outcomes in paediatric uveitis patients in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. METHODS: Chart review of all patients diagnosed with uveitis before the age of 16 years, presenting to two tertiary referral centres (uveitis and paediatric rheumatology clinics) in Lausanne, Switzerland, between 2000 and 2009. RESULTS: Seventy-nine children (37 girls) were identified, 62 living in Switzerland, 15 in Europe and 2 in North Africa. Median age at first symptoms was 9.0 years (range 1.5-15.8 years), with a median follow-up time of 1.8 years (0-8 years). Both eyes were involved in 51 patients (64.6%). The course was acute in 30.4%, chronic in 60.8% and recurrent in 8.9%. Anterior uveitis occurred in 39.2%, intermediate in 32.9%, posterior in 22.8% and panuveitis in 5.1%. The three main diagnoses were idiopathic uveitis (34.2%), JIA-related uveitis (22.8%) and toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis (15.2%). During the last follow-up visit, the visual acuity (VA) was ≥8/10 in 72% of all eyes with a measurable VA. Cataract (8%), ocular hypertension/glaucoma (8%) and macular fibrosis (4%) were the three most common severe complications. Systemic steroids were given to 56% and biological agents to 24% of patients with inflammatory uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: Uveitis in children can be a devastating disease. A strict classification of aetiologies and a tight collaboration between paediatric rheumatologists and ophthalmologists are important to ensure early control of ocular inflammation and improve long-term visual prognosis.

10

The stable isotope composition of ostracod fossils is useful for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Laboratory as well as 'natural environment' cultures demonstrate that the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of ostracod shells faithfully record the environmental conditions at the time of valve precipitation. Oxygen isotope composition of ostracod calcite reflects the composition and temperature of the host water, but ostracod shells are enriched in 18O compared to the value expected for inorganic calcite precipitating under equilibrium under the same conditions. This 'vital effect' is generally constant for closely related species and equals 1.5 to 3 0/00 for Candoninae, 0 to 2.5 0/00 for Cyprididae and 0.8 to 1.5 0/00 for Cytheroidea. The carbon isotope composition of ostracod calcite is controlled by a complex interaction between the ecology of the species and environmental parameters. Previous natural environmental studies suggest that many (but not all) taxa crystallize their shells in or very close to equilibrium with the carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, and that the composition of littoral, epifaunal species reflects seasonal variation in the carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon of bottom water according to their life cycles, while that of deep-water, infaunal species reflects the variation interstitial pore water according to microhabitat preferences.

The orphan receptor CRF2-4 is an essential subunit of the interleukin 10 receptor.

The orphan receptor CRF2-4 is a member of the class II cytokine receptor family (CRF2), which includes the interferon receptors, the interleukin (IL) 10 receptor, and tissue factor. CRFB4, the gene encoding CRF2-4, is located within a gene cluster on human chromosome 21 that comprises three interferon receptor subunits. To elucidate the role of CRF2-4, we disrupted the CRFB4 gene in mice by means of homologous recombination. Mice lacking CRF2-4 show no overt abnormalities, grow normally, and are fertile. CRF2-4 deficient cells are normally responsive to type I and type II interferons, but lack responsiveness to IL-10. By approximately 12 wk of age, the majority of mutant mice raised in a conventional facility developed a chronic colitis and splenomegaly. Thus, CRFB4 mutant mice recapitulate the phenotype of IL-10-deficient mice. These findings suggest that CRF2-4 is essential for IL-10-mediated effects and is a subunit of the IL-10 receptor.

BrainCheck - a very brief tool to detect incipient cognitive decline: optimized case-finding combining patient- and informant-based data.

INTRODUCTION: Optimal identification of subtle cognitive impairment in the primary care setting requires a very brief tool combining (a) patients' subjective impairments, (b) cognitive testing, and (c) information from informants. The present study developed a new, very quick and easily administered case-finding tool combining these assessments ('BrainCheck') and tested the feasibility and validity of this instrument in two independent studies. METHODS: We developed a case-finding tool comprised of patient-directed (a) questions about memory and depression and (b) clock drawing, and (c) the informant-directed 7-item version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Feasibility study: 52 general practitioners rated the feasibility and acceptance of the patient-directed tool. Validation study: An independent group of 288 Memory Clinic patients (mean ± SD age = 76.6 ± 7.9, education = 12.0 ± 2.6; 53.8% female) with diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment (n = 80), probable Alzheimer's disease (n = 185), or major depression (n = 23) and 126 demographically matched, cognitively healthy volunteer participants (age = 75.2 ± 8.8, education = 12.5 ± 2.7; 40% female) partook. All patient and healthy control participants were administered the patient-directed tool, and informants of 113 patient and 70 healthy control participants completed the very short IQCODE. RESULTS: Feasibility study: General practitioners rated the patient-directed tool as highly feasible and acceptable. Validation study: A Classification and Regression Tree analysis generated an algorithm to categorize patient-directed data which resulted in a correct classification rate (CCR) of 81.2% (sensitivity = 83.0%, specificity = 79.4%). Critically, the CCR of the combined patient- and informant-directed instruments (BrainCheck) reached nearly 90% (that is 89.4%; sensitivity = 97.4%, specificity = 81.6%). CONCLUSION: A new and very brief instrument for general practitioners, 'BrainCheck', combined three sources of information deemed critical for effective case-finding (that is, patients' subject impairments, cognitive testing, informant information) and resulted in a nearly 90% CCR. Thus, it provides a very efficient and valid tool to aid general practitioners in deciding whether patients with suspected cognitive impairments should be further evaluated or not ('watchful waiting').

Change in biased thinking in a 10-session treatment for borderline personality disorder: Further evidence of the motive-oriented therapeutic relationship.

Abstract Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by both maladaptive thinking and problematic schemas. Kramer and colleagues (2011) showed that using the motive-oriented therapeutic relationship (MOTR), based on the individualized understanding of the patient according to Plan Analysis (Caspar, 2007), can improve treatment outcomes for BPD. The present process-outcome pilot study aimed to examine the effects of the motive-oriented therapeutic relationship on the cognitive biases of patients with BPD. Change in biased cognitions in N=10 patients who were subject to MOTR was compared to that of N=10 patients who received psychiatric-psychodynamic treatment (Gunderson & Links, 2008). Results show a greater decrease in over-generalizations in patients who received MOTR, compared to the patients who received the psychiatric-psychodynamic treatment. These changes were related to outcome in various ways. These findings underline the importance of an individualized case formulation method in bringing about therapeutic change.