157 resultados para Kaufmann, IsidorKaufmann, IsidorIsidorKaufmann


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Recombinant secretory immunoglobulin A containing a bacterial epitope in domain I of the secretory component (SC) moiety can serve as a mucosal delivery vehicle triggering both mucosal and systemic responses (Corthésy, B., Kaufmann, M., Phalipon, A., Peitsch, M., Neutra, M. R., and Kraehenbuhl, J.-P. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 33670-33677). To load recombinant secretory IgA with multiple B and T epitopes and extend its biological functions, we selected, based on molecular modeling, five surface-exposed sites in domains II and III of murine SC. Loops predicted to be exposed at the surface of SC domains were replaced with the DYKDDDDK octapeptide (FLAG). Another two mutants were obtained with the FLAG inserted in between domains II and III or at the carboxyl terminus of SC. As shown by mass spectrometry, internal substitution of the FLAG into four of the mutants induced the formation of disulfide-linked homodimers. Three of the dimers and two of the monomers from SC mutants could be affinity-purified using an antibody to the FLAG, mapping them as candidates for insertion. FLAG-induced dimerization also occurred with the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and might reflect the so-far nondemonstrated capacity of the receptor to oligomerize. By co-expressing in COS-7 cells and epithelial Caco-2 cells two pIgR constructs tagged at the carboxyl terminus with hexahistidine or FLAG, we provide the strongest evidence reported to date that the pIgR dimerizes noncovalently in the plasma membrane in the absence of polymeric IgA ligand. The implication of this finding is discussed in terms of IgA transport and specific antibody response at mucosal surfaces.

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Compte tenu des relations étroites existant entre le pouvoir politique et l'histoire - et plus particulièrement l'enseignement de l'histoire à l'école - , les manuels constituent un objet d'étude privilégié de l'évolution des relations pouvoir/enseignement. Ils fournissent un lieu de médiation privilégié entre les savoirs savants et les savoirs scolaires institutionnels ; ils permettent d'observer les conceptions didactiques préconisées par l'institution scolaire. Si, sous l'égide de l'Etat-nation au 19e siècle, les savoirs savants historiques et les savoirs scolaires étaient entremêlés, les rapports se sont complexifiés durant le 20e siècle en raison notamment de la prise de distance progressive de l'histoire savante à l'égard du pouvoir. Petit à petit, à partir des années 1930, le concept d'histoire- problème, initié par l'école historique des Annales, dépasse l'histoire-récit de l'école historique positiviste (méthodique) du 19e siècle et sa traduction du récit- national au coeur de la leçon d'histoire. Cependant, si après 1945, l'école des Annales, puis la Nouvelle histoire, tendent à s'imposer dans le champ de l'histoire savante francophone, elles se heurtent à une tradition scolaire bien établie et modifient peu et tardivement les curricula, les manuels et les pratiques enseignantes. Progressivement donc, une fracture apparaît entre l'histoire savante et l'histoire scolaire. Dans cette étude, notre travail envisage l'analyse du manuel d'histoire en tant qu'objet hybride. Il est à la fois porteur d'un texte historien, ouvrage de vulgarisation et de référence, ainsi qu'outil pédagogico-didactique. Par ailleurs, le manuel d'histoire a la charge de transmettre des valeurs, car les finalités attribuées par l'autorité politique, via les autorités scolaires, à l'histoire scolaire comportent toujours une dimension forte de formation du futur citoyen. Au texte de départ sont associés des documents textuels ou iconiques, des résumés, des questions regroupées par chapitre, un glossaire ou une chronologie générale. De plus, ce texte est encadré d'un dispositif didactique plus ou moins explicite : préface, numérotation par paragraphe correspondant à la leçon du jour, dates mises en évidence, aide-mémoire et questions. Par ailleurs, les découpages en livres ou en parties peuvent correspondre à des années (ou parties d'années) de programme. Il sera donc également étudié pour les spécificités d'un sous-genre de discours à définir : les manuels - d'histoire - produits (et utilisés) dans le canton de Vaud au 20e siècle. En conséquence, notre travail se propose d'observer et d'analyser les manuels d'histoire vaudois sous deux modalités préférentielles. Premièrement, celle des formes constitutives et évolutives prises par le manuel pour se construire comme un discours légitimé (deuxième partie : écriture et mise en scène de l'histoire). Deuxièmement, celle de la mise en scène d'une histoire à visée pseudo- pédagogique masquant l'intégration du discours de l'autorité politique (troisième partie : comment l'autorité vient au discours). Site internet : http://manuelshistoire.ch

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AIMS: We studied the respective added value of the quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) and the myocardial flow reserve (MFR) as assessed with (82)Rb positron emission tomography (PET)/CT in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with suspected myocardial ischaemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Myocardial perfusion images were analysed semi-quantitatively (SDS, summed difference score) and quantitatively (MBF, MFR) in 351 patients. Follow-up was completed in 335 patients and annualized MACE (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure or de novo stable angor) rates were analysed with the Kaplan-Meier method in 318 patients after excluding 17 patients with early revascularizations (<60 days). Independent predictors of MACEs were identified by multivariate analysis. During a median follow-up of 624 days (inter-quartile range 540-697), 35 MACEs occurred. An annualized MACE rate was higher in patients with ischaemia (SDS >2) (n = 105) than those without [14% (95% CI = 9.1-22%) vs. 4.5% (2.7-7.4%), P < 0.0001]. The lowest MFR tertile group (MFR <1.8) had the highest MACE rate [16% (11-25%) vs. 2.9% (1.2-7.0%) and 4.3% (2.1-9.0%), P < 0.0001]. Similarly, the lowest stress MBF tertile group (MBF <1.8 mL/min/g) had the highest MACE rate [14% (9.2-22%) vs. 7.3% (4.2-13%) and 1.8% (0.6-5.5%), P = 0.0005]. Quantitation with stress MBF or MFR had a significant independent prognostic power in addition to semi-quantitative findings. The largest added value was conferred by combining stress MBF to SDS. This holds true even for patients without ischaemia. CONCLUSION: Perfusion findings in (82)Rb PET/CT are strong MACE outcome predictors. MBF quantification has an added value allowing further risk stratification in patients with normal and abnormal perfusion images.

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As a hallmark of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) induces granulomatous lung lesions and systemic inflammatory responses during active disease. Molecular regulation of inflammation is associated with inflammasome assembly. We determined the extent to which MTB triggers inflammasome activation and how this impacts on the severity of TB in a mouse model. MTB stimulated release of mature IL-1β in macrophages while attenuated M. bovis BCG failed to do so. Tubercle bacilli specifically activated the NLRP3 inflammasome and this propensity was strictly controlled by the virulence-associated RD1 locus of MTB. However, Nlrp3-deficient mice controlled pulmonary TB, a feature correlated with NLRP3-independent production of IL-1β in infected lungs. Our studies demonstrate that MTB activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages in an ESX-1-dependent manner. However, during TB, MTB promotes NLRP3- and caspase-1-independent IL-1β release in myeloid cells recruited to lung parenchyma and thus overcomes NLRP3 deficiency in vivo in experimental models.

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Ce texte est un « droit de réponse » par les auteurs de l'article « Vers un naturalisme social. À la croisée des sciences sociales et des sciences cognitives », publié par SociologieS en octobre 2011, au débat qu'il a suscité. Après une brève mise au point sur la forme même du débat, ainsi que sur les dissensions ponctuelles qui opposent les différents protagonistes, l'article répond aux inquiétudes parfaitement légitimes et aux questions de fond que soulève le naturalisme social.

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Transcatheter (or percutaneous) renal denervation is a novel technique developed for the treatment of resistant hypertension. So far, only one randomised controlled trial has been published, which has shown a reduction of office blood pressure. The Swiss Society of Hypertension, the Swiss Society of Cardiology, The Swiss Society of Angiology and the Swiss Society of Interventional Radiology decided to establish recommendations to practicing physicians and specialists for good clinical practice. The eligibility of patients for transcatheter renal denervation needs (1.) confirmation of truly resistant hypertension, (2.) exclusion of secondary forms of hypertension, (3.) a multidisciplinary decision confirming the eligibility, (4.) facilities that guarantee procedural safety and (5.) a long-term follow-up of the patients, if possible in cooperation with a hypertension specialist. These steps are essential until long-term data on safety and efficacy are available.

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BACKGROUND: Sustained antibody levels are a hallmark of immunity against many pathogens, and induction of long-term durable antibody titers is an essential feature of effective vaccines. Heterologous prime-boost approaches with vectors are optimal strategies to improve a broad and prolonged immunogenicity of malaria vaccines. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrate that the heterologous prime-boost regimen Ad35-CS/BCG-CS induces stronger immune responses by enhancing type 1 cellular producing-cells with high levels of CSp-specific IFN-γ and cytophilic IgG2a antibodies as compared to a homologous BCG-CS and a heterologous BCG-CS/CSp prime-boost regimen. Moreover, the heterologous prime-boost regimen elicits the highest level of LLPC-mediated immune responses. CONCLUSION: The increased IFN-γ-producing cell responses induced by the combination of Ad35-CS/BCG-CS and sustained type 1 antibody profile together with high levels of LLPCs may be essential for the development of long-term protective immunity against liver-stage parasites.