Histoire discursive du "cinéma-vérité" : techniques, controverses, historiographie (1960-1970)

Histoire discursive du « cinéma-vérité ». Techniques, controverses, historiographie (1960-1970) retrace l'histoire du succès et de la disgrâce du label « cinéma vérité » en France qui, entre 1960 - date à laquelle Edgar Morin publie son essai programmatique « Pour un nouveau "cinéma vérité" » dans France Observateur - et 1964-65 - moment où la notion commence à perdre en popularité - sert de bannière à un mouvement cinématographique supposé renouveler les rapports entre cinéma et réalité. Une vingtaine de films - comme Chronique d'un été de Jean Rouch et Edgar Morin, Primary de Richard Leacock et Robert Drew, Les Inconnus de la terre ou Regard sur la folie de Mario Ruspoli, Hitler, connais pas de Bertrand Blier, Le Chemin de la mauvaise route de Jean Herman, Le Joli Mai de Chris Marker, La Punition de Jean Rouch ou Pour la Suite du monde de Michel Brault et Pierre Perrault - revendiquent cette étiquette ou y sont associés par la presse hexagonale qui y consacre des centaines d'articles. En effet, la sortie en salles de ces « films-vérité » provoque en France de virulentes controverses qui interrogent aussi bien l'éthique de ces projets où les personnes filmées sont supposées révéler une vérité intime face à la caméra, le statut artistique de ces réalisations, ou l'absence d'un engagement politique marqué des « cinéastes-vérité » devant les questions abordées par les protagonistes (par exemple la Guerre d'Algérie, la jeunesse française, la politique internationale). L'hypothèse à la base de cette recherche est que la production cinématographique qui se réclame du « cinéma-vérité » se caractérise par une étroite corrélation entre film et discours sur le film. D'une part car la première moitié de la décennie est marquée par de nombreuses rencontres entre les « cinéastes vérité », les critiques ou les constructeurs de caméras légères et de magnétophones synchrones ; rencontres qui contribuent à accentuer et à médiatiser les dissensions au sein du mouvement. D'autre part car la particularité de nombreux projets est d'inclure dans le film des séquences méta-discursives où les participants, les réalisateurs ou des experts débattent de la réussite du tournage. Ce travail montre que le succès du mouvement entre 1960 et 1964-65 ne se fait pas malgré une forte polémique, mais qu'au contraire, nombre de longs métrages intègrent la controverse en leur sein, interrogeant, sur un plan symbolique, l'abolition du filtre entre le film et son spectateur. Si les films qui s'inscrivent dans la mouvance du « cinéma vérité » octroient une large place à la confrontation, c'est parce que la « vérité » est pensée comme un processus dialectique, qui émerge dans une dynamique d'échanges (entre les réalisateurs de cette mouvance, entre les protagonistes, entre le film et son public). Les querelles internes ou publiques qui rythment ces quelques années font partie du dispositif « cinéma-vérité » et justifient de faire l'histoire de ce mouvement cinématographique par le biais des discours qu'il a suscité au sein de la cinéphilie française.

Gene-environment interactions of selected pharmacogenes in arterial hypertension.

Hypertension affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Owing to population aging, hypertension-related cardiovascular burden is expected to rise in the near future. In addition to genetic variants influencing the blood pressure response to antihypertensive drugs, several genes encoding for drug-metabolizing or -transporting enzymes have been associated with blood pressure and/or hypertension in humans (e.g., ACE, CYP1A2, CYP3A5, ABCB1 and MTHFR) regardless of drug treatment. These genes are also involved in the metabolism and transport of endogenous substances and their effects may be modified by selected environmental factors, such as diet or lifestyle. However, little is currently known on the complex interplay between environmental factors, endogenous factors, genetic variants and drugs on blood pressure control. This review will discuss the respective role of population-based primary prevention and personalized medicine for arterial hypertension, taking a pharmacogenomics' perspective focusing on selected pharmacogenes.

Functional interactions between the estrogen receptor and the transcription activator Sp1 regulate the estrogen-dependent transcriptional activity of the vitellogenin A1 io promoter.

Two distinct, TATA box-containing promoters regulate the transcriptional activity of the Xenopus vitellogenin A1 gene. These two promoters are of different strength and are separated by 1.8 kilobase pairs of untranslated sequence. Estrogen receptor (ER) and its ligand, 17beta-estradiol, induce the activity of both promoters. The estrogen response elements (EREs) are located proximal to the downstream i promoter while no ERE-like sequences have been identified in the vicinity of the upstream io promoter. We show here, that transcriptional activity of the upstream io promoter is Sp1-dependent. Moreover, we demonstrate that estrogen inducibility of the io promoter results from functional interactions between the io bound Sp1 and the ER bound at the proximity of i. Functional interactions between Sp1 and ER do not require the presence of a TATA box for transcriptional activation, as is demonstrated using the acyl-CoA oxidase promoter. The relative positions that ER and Sp1 occupy with respect to the initiation site determines whether these two transcription activators can synergize for transcription initiation.

Loss of interactions with ants under cold climate in a regional myrmecophilous butterfly fauna

Aim Specialized mutualistic clades may revert and thus increase their autonomy and generalist characteristics. However, our understanding of the drivers that trigger reductions in mutualistic traits and of the consequences for the tolerance of these species to various environmental conditions remains limited. This study investigates the relationship between the environmental niche and the degree of myrmecophily (i.e. the ability to interact with ants) among members of the Lycaenidae. Location The western Swiss Alps. Methods We measured the tolerance of Lycaenidae species to low temperatures by comparing observations from a random stratified field sampling with climatic maps. We then compared the species-specific degree of myrmecophily with the species range limits at colder temperatures while controlling for phylogenetic dependence. We further evaluated whether the community-averaged degree of myrmecophily increases with temperature, as would be expected in the case of environmental filters acting on myrmecophilous species. Results Twenty-nine Lycaenidae species were found during sampling. Ancestral state reconstruction indicated that the 24 species of Polyommatinae displayed both strong myrmecophily and secondary loss of mutualism; these species were used in the subsequent statistical analyses. Species with a higher degree of ant interaction were, on average, more likely to inhabit warmer sites. Species inhabiting the coldest environments displayed little or no interaction with ants. Main conclusions Colder climates at high elevations filter out species with a high degree of myrmecophily and may have been the direct evolutionary force that promoted the loss of mutualism. A larger taxon sampling across the Holarctic may help to distinguish between the ecological and evolutionary effects of climate.

Weights in the balance: jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling in root-biotroph interactions.

Work on the interaction of aerial plant parts with pathogens has identified the signaling molecules jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) as important players in induced defense of the plant against invading organisms. Much less is known about the role of JA and SA signaling in root infection. Recent progress has been made in research on plant interactions with biotrophic mutualists and parasites that exclusively associate with roots, namely arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses on one hand and nematode and parasitic plant interactions on the other hand. Here, we review these recent advances relating JA and SA signaling to specific stages of root colonization and discuss how both signaling molecules contribute to a balance between compatibility and defense in mutualistic as well as parasitic biotroph-root interactions.

Evaluation of the interactions between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and caco-2 cells

The aim of this study was to determine whether multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNCT) are taken up by and are toxic to human intestinal enterocytes using the Caco-2 cell model. Caco-2 cells were exposed to 50 ?g/ml MWCNT (oxidized or pristine) for 24 h, and experiments were repeated in the presence of 2.5 mg/L natural organic matter. Cells displayed many of the properties that characterize enterocytes, such as apical microvilli, basolateral basement membrane, and glycogen. The cell monolayers also displayed tight junctions and electrical resistance. Exposure to pristine and oxidized MWCNT, with or without natural organic matter, did not markedly affect viability, which was assessed by measuring activity of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and staining with propidium iodide. Ultrastructural analysis revealed some damage to microvilli colocalized with the MWCNT; however, neither type of MWCNT was taken up by Caco-2 cells. In contrast, pristine and oxidized MWCNT were taken up by the macrophage RAW 264.7 line. Our study suggests that intestinal enterocytes cells do not take up MWCNT. [Authors]

Understanding triadic and family group interactions during infancy and toddlerhood.

This paper outlines recent conceptual and methodological developments in the assessment of triadic and family group process during infancy and toddlerhood. Foundations of the emerging family group process are identified, and conditions specific to the assessment of the family during the early phases of family formation are summarized. Both microanalytic and global approaches to evaluating mother-father-child interactions are discussed. We highlight both similarities and differences in the strategies and methods employed by several different investigators who have been studying the group dynamics of families with infant and toddler children, and underscore several important family patterns and emerging themes that appear to be cutting across these different methods and measurement strategies. Preliminary evidence for the validity and clinical significance of family-level assessments is summarized, and directions currently being pursued by researchers engaged in studies of the family triad are outlined. We close by identifying several conceptual and clinical issues that remain to be addressed by subsequent work.

Pi*-pi* bonding interactions generated by halogen oxidation of zirconium(IV) redox-active ligand complexes.

The new complex, [Zr(pda)2]n (1, pda2- = N,N'-bis(neo-pentyl)-ortho-phenylenediamide, n = 1 or 2), prepared by the reaction of 2 equiv of pdaLi2 with ZrCl4, reacts rapidly with halogen oxidants to afford the new product ZrX2(disq)2 (3, X = Cl, Br, I; disq- = N,N'-bis(neo-pentyl)-ortho-diiminosemiquinonate) in which each redox-active ligand has been oxidized by one electron. The oxidation products 3a-c have been structurally characterized and display an unusual parallel stacked arrangement of the disq- ligands in the solid state, with a separation of approximately 3 A. Density functional calculations show a bonding-type interaction between the SOMOs of the disq- ligands to form a unique HOMO while the antibonding linear combination forms a unique LUMO. This orbital configuration leads to a closed-shell-singlet ground-state electron configuration (S = 0). Temperature-dependent magnetism measurements indicate a low-lying triplet excited state at approximately 750 cm-1. In solution, 3a-c show strong disq--based absorption bands that are invariant across the halide series. Taken together these spectroscopic measurements provide experimental values for the one- and two-electron energies that characterize the pi-stacked bonding interaction between the two disq- ligands.

Cis-trans interactions of cell surface receptors: biological roles and structural basis.

Cell surface receptors bind ligands expressed on other cells (in trans) in order to communicate with neighboring cells. However, an increasing number of cell surface receptors are found to also interact with ligands expressed on the same cell (in cis). These observations raise questions regarding the biological role of such cis interactions. Specifically, it is important to know whether cis and trans binding have distinct functional effects and, if so, how a single cell discriminates between interactions in cis versus trans. Further, what are the structural features that allow certain cell surface receptors to engage ligand both on the same as well as on an apposed cell membrane? Here, we summarize known examples of receptors that display cis-trans binding and discuss the emerging diversity of biological roles played by these unconventional two-way interactions, along with their structural basis.

Comment on recent modeling studies of astrocyte-neuron metabolic interactions.

Recent years have seen a surge in mathematical modeling of the various aspects of neuron-astrocyte interactions, and the field of brain energy metabolism is no exception in that regard. Despite the advent of biophysical models in the field, the long-lasting debate on the role of lactate in brain energy metabolism is still unresolved. Quite the contrary, it has been ported to the world of differential equations. Here, we summarize the present state of this discussion from the modeler's point of view and bring some crucial points to the attention of the non-mathematically proficient reader.

Interactions médicamenteuses dans le traitement de la douleur

L'association de plusieurs substances est parfois nécessaire pour un traitement efficace de la douleur. L'administration concomitante de plusieurs molécules expose donc, comme lors de tout traitement, au risque d'interactions médicamenteuses. Ces interactions peuvent être souhaitées et recherchées (lorsque l'on vise un effet additif ou une synergie entre plusieurs traitements) ou non désirées, provoquant la survenue d'effets indésirables ou la perte d'efficacité des traitements prescrits . L'importance de ces interactions et leur traduction depend bien sûr des substances concernées mais aussi de la predisposition individuelle de chaque patient, les polymorphisms génétiques dans le metabolism ou le transport de ces médicaments ainsi que lespathologies sous-jacentes y jouant un rôle non négligeable.