Rates and pattern of evolution among Cretaceous radiolarians: relations with global paleoceanographic events

We present a new approach for analyzing the turnover rates of Cretaceous radiolarians recorded in pelagic sequences of western Tethys, The analysis of major extinction-radiation events and the fluctuation of diversity are compared with major paleoceanographic events and variation of diversity in dinoflagellates, calcareous nannoplankton and ammonites. There is an extraordinary correlation between biotic changes and sea level changes, temperatures, O, C and Sr isotopes, phosphorus accumulation rates and anoxic episodes. This reveals a predominantly abiotic control on the evolution of radiolarians. The rate of turnover and the diversity through time of two major orders of radiolarians (nassellarians and spumellarians) exhibits (1) the quasi-parallelism of their diversity curves, excluding a direct competition between them, (2) greater resistance of spumellarians to extinction during the early stage of extinction intervals and (3) a stronger post-extinction recovery of nassellarians. Evolutionary rates of radiolarians can be a good means of monitoring global environmental changes and allowing us to understand more clearly the relationship between plankton evolution, climate and pale oceanographic processes.

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The paper spells out five different accounts of the relationship between objects and relations three of which are versions of ontic structural realism (OSR). We argue that the distinction between objects and properties, including relations, is merely a conceptual one by contrast to an ontological one: properties, including relations, are modes, that is the concrete, particular ways in which objects exist. We then set out moderate OSR as the view according to which irreducible relations are central ways in which the fundamental physical objects exist. Physical structures thus consist in objects for whom it is essential that they are related in certain ways. There hence are objects, but they do not possess an intrinsic identity. This view can also admit intrinsic properties as ways in which objects exist provided that these do not amount to identity conditions for the objects. Finally, we indicate how this view can take objective modality into account.

Les comportements face au VIH/sida des hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes: enquête Gaysurvey 2012

Gaysurvey est une enquête menée périodiquement en Suisse parmi les hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (HSH). Elle s'inscrit dans le dispositif de surveillance du VIH, établi par l'Office fédéral de la santé publique, en tant qu'instrument de suivi des comportements face au VIH/Sida dans ce groupe cible. Elle a déjà été réalisée à neuf reprises : en 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007 et 2009. En 2010, l'enquête européenne EMIS a permis d'obtenir certains indicateurs qui sont présentés avec les données des enquêtes Gaysurvey lorsqu'ils sont disponibles. Les résultats de cette enquête servent directement au pilotage et à l'évaluation de la stratégie de lutte contre le VIH/Sida en Suisse, telle qu'elle a été définie par l'OFSP et ses partenaires. Elle permet d'établir des tendances temporelles au niveau des pratiques sexuelles et des expositions au risque d'infection par le VIH. Elle permet, en outre, d'approfondir certaines thématiques pertinentes pour le travail de prévention (gestion du risque au sein d'une relation stable, entrée dans la sexualité, pratiques de réduction des risques). Ce rapport a pour objectif de faire la synthèse des tendances, mises à jour lors de la dernière vague d'enquête réalisée en 2012. [Introduction p. 17]

Malaria vaccines - The long synthetic peptide approach: Technical and conceptual advancements.

This review describes the advances in malaria antigen discovery and vaccine development using the long synthetic peptide platforms that have been made available during the past 5 years. The most recent technical developments regarding peptide synthesis with the optimized production of large synthetic fragments are discussed. Clinical trials of long synthetic peptides are also reviewed. These trials demonstrated that long synthetic peptides are safe and immunogenic when formulated with various adjuvants. In addition, long synthetic peptides can elicit an antibody response in humans and have demonstrated inhibitory activity against parasite growth in vitro. Finally, new approaches to exploit the abundance of genomic data and the flexibility and speed of peptide synthesis are proposed.

Social rationality and scales of action: inter-ethnic relations in cockfighting and game-fishing, Raiatea, French Polynesia

This article challenges the notion of economic rationality as a criterion for explaining ethnic boundary maintenance. It offers an ethnographic analysis of inter-ethnic relations in the context of games (cockfights and game-fishing contests) in the island of Raiatea (French Polynesia). Although all players engage in the same basic gambling practices, money is differentially scaled and mobilized by the Tahitian and Chinese participants. Building on recent pragmatic approaches to rationality, it is shown that the players' rationalities differ not from the point of view of economic maximization, but only in so far as they participate in social relations at different scales.

Frame detection over the semantic web

In the past, research in ontology learning from text has mainly focused on entity recognition, taxonomy induction and relation extraction. In this work we approach a challenging research issue: detecting semantic frames from texts and using them to encode web ontologies. We exploit a new generation Natural Language Processing technology for frame detection, and we enrich the frames acquired so far with argument restrictions provided by a super-sense tagger and domain specializations. The results are encoded according to a Linguistic MetaModel, which allows a complete translation of lexical resources and data acquired from text, enabling custom transformations of the enriched frames into modular ontology components.

Un tango de neutres sur fond de guerre : les relations économiques entre la Suisse et l'Argentine (1938-945)

Cet article porte sur les relations économiques entre deux pays restés neutres durant la guerre. Fondé sur des documents d'archives encore inexploités, il vise à comprendre comment la Suisse et l'Argentine sont parvenues à maintenir, et même à renforcer, leurs échanges malgré les obstacles liés au conflit. La guerre offre à la Suisse l'opportunité de gagner des parts importantes du marché argentin pour les produits phares de son industrie d'exportation. Au-delà des circonstances de la guerre, ce sont aussi les stratégies volontaristes mises en oeuvre par les milieux dirigeants helvétiques qui permettent ce résultat. Parmi ces stratégies, un crédit de 40 millions de francs suisses octroyés par les milieux financiers au Gouvernement argentin est au coeur de l'analyse.