Quantifying the level of eusociality

The evolution of animal societies in which some individuals forego direct reproduction to help others to reproduce poses an evolutionary paradox. Societies where all individuals reproduce equally and societies where a single individual completely monopolizes reproduction represent the end points of a continuum of variance in the reproductive output among group members. This led Sherman et al. (1995) to propose that cooperative breeding and eusociality (a term originally applied only to insects) are not discrete phenomena. Rather they form a continuum whose main difference is the extent to which individuals forego their own reproductive opportunity to help other members of the group. Here we present a new index: the eusociality index. It quantifies the decrease in direct reproduction of group members as a resut of altruistic acts directed to other members of the group (i.e. a measure of the level of eusociality). The rationale for this index lies in the fundamental duality of the reproductive process, in which organisms supply two distinct elements: (i) genetic material (genes); and (ii) power (energy). In non-eusocial animals, all individuals transmit genes and power in the same ratio (notwithstanding individual variance in offspring size and parental investment). By contrast, amongst eusocial animals some individuals contribute proportionally more to gene transfer, and others more to energy, resulting in high interindividual variation in the ratio of gene to power transfer.

Predictors of the Indefinite-Duration Anticoagulation Treatment Strategy In Patients with Cancer Associated Thrombosis

Background: In patients with cancer and acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), current consensus guidelines recommend anticoagulation therapy for an indefinite duration or until the cancer is resolved. Methods and results: Among 1'247 patients with acute VTE enrolled in the Swiss Venous Thromboembolism Registry (SWIVTER) from 18 hospitals, 315 (25%) had cancer of whom 179 (57%) had metastatic disease, 159 (50%) ongoing or recent chemotherapy, and 83 (26%) tumor surgery within 6 months. Patients with cancer were older (66±14 vs. 60±19 years, p<0.001), more often hospitalized at the time of VTE diagnosis (46% vs. 36%, p=0.001), immobile for >3 days (25% vs. 16%, p<0.001), and more often had thrombocytopenia (6% vs. 1%, p<0.001) than patients without cancer. The 30-day rate of VTE-related death or recurrent VTE was 9% in cancer patients vs. 4% in patients without cancer (p<0.001), and the rates of bleeding requiring medical attention were 5% in both groups (p=0.57). Cancer patients received indefinite-duration anticoagulation treatment more often than patients without cancer (47% vs. 19%, p<0.001), and LMWH mono-therapy during the initial 3 months was prescribed to 45% vs. 8%, p<0.001, respectively. Among patients with cancer, prior VTE (OR 4.0, 95%CI 2.0-8.0), metastatic disease (OR 3.0, 95%CI 1.7-5.2), outpatient status at the time of VTE diagnosis (OR 3.8, 95%CI 1.9-7.6), and inpatient treatment (OR 4.4, 95%CI 2.1-9.2) were independently associated with the prescription of indefinite-duration anticoagulation treatment. Conclusions: Less than half of the cancer patients with acute VTE received a prescription for indefinite-duration anticoagulation treatment. Recurrent VTE, metastatic cancer, outpatient VTE diagnosis, and VTE requiring hospitalization were associated with an increased use of this strategy.

La leucocorie chez l'enfant

Introduction : La leucocorie ou le reflet pupillaire blanchâtre traduit la réflexion de la lumière dans l'aire pupillaire d'une lésion intraoculaire lors de l'éclairage du fond d'oeil. Elle peut prendre des colorations diverses, blanche, jaune, grise, selon la nature de la maladie, présenter un caractère intermittent et fugitif dépendant de l'éclairage, de l'angle d'observation, de la localisation et de la taille de la lésion. La leucocorie est la première manifestation de nombreuses affections oculaires dont le rétinoblastome, tumeur maligne de la rétine, constitue l'atteinte la plus grave parce qu'elle peut mettre en péril non seulement la vue mais aussi la vie de l'enfant. Les autres maladies en cause sont dans l'ordre de fréquence la maladie de Coats, la persistance et hyperplasie du vitré primitif, les maladies inflammatoires (uvéites, toxoplasmose, toxocarose oculaire,...), la rétinopathie du prématuré, les malformations oculaires (fibres à myéline, colobomes, plis falciformes,...), la cataracte, l'hémorragie vitréenne et le décollement de rétine. Objectif : Le but de ce travail est d'analyser les maladies oculaires de l'enfant qui se manifestent par une leucocorie comme signe d'appel et d'étudier leur fréquence relative. Méthode: Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective de 1037 enfants consécutifs examinés à l'unité d'oncopédiatrie de l'Hôpital Ophtalmique de Lausanne du 1er janvier 1980 au 31 décembre 2010 pour une affection oculaire. Les diagnostics des patients ayant présenté une leucocorie comme signe ont été collectés. En complément, l'âge au premier symptôme, l'âge au diagnostic, le genre, l'hérédité et la latéralité ont été pris en compte selon la nature de la lésion et la documentation disponible. Résultats : Sur 1037 patients, nous avons dénombré 537 cas de rétinoblastome (52%), 281 cas de malformations congénitales (27%), 169 cas de maladies vasculaires (16%). Parmi les affections s'étant manifestées par une leucocorie, le rétinoblastome arrive en première place (315 cas sur 537) (59%), puis viennent la maladie de Coats (21 cas sur 67) (31%), la cataracte (17 cas sur 68) (25%) et la persistance et hyperplasie du vitré primitif (16 cas sur 66) (24%). Conclusion : La connaissance des caractéristiques de la leucocorie chez l'enfant et la prise de conscience de son importance diagnostique sont essentielles dans le dépistage précoce d'affections rétiniennes qui peuvent avoir des répercussions non seulement sur la fonction visuelle mais aussi sur le pronostic vital.

Relation between sequence and structure of HIV-1 protease inhibitor complexes: a model system for the analysis of protein flexibility.

The flexibility of different regions of HIV-1 protease was examined by using a database consisting of 73 X-ray structures that differ in terms of sequence, ligands or both. The root-mean-square differences of the backbone for the set of structures were shown to have the same variation with residue number as those obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, normal mode analyses and X-ray B-factors. This supports the idea that observed structural changes provide a measure of the inherent flexibility of the protein, although specific interactions between the protease and the ligand play a secondary role. The results suggest that the potential energy surface of the HIV-1 protease is characterized by many local minima with small energetic differences, some of which are sampled by the different X-ray structures of the HIV-1 protease complexes. Interdomain correlated motions were calculated from the structural fluctuations and the results were also in agreement with molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analyses. Implications of the results for the drug-resistance engendered by mutations are discussed briefly.

Defective nitric oxide synthesis: a link between metabolic insulin resistance, sympathetic overactivity and cardiovascular morbidity.

Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. In addition to its metabolic effects, insulin also has important cardiovascular actions. The sympathetic nervous system and the nitric oxide-l-arginine pathway have emerged as central players in the mediation of these actions. Over the past decade, the underlying mechanisms and the factors that may govern the interaction between insulin and these two major cardiovascular regulatory systems have been studied extensively in healthy people and insulin-resistant individuals. Here we summarize the current understanding and gaps in knowledge on these interactions. We propose that a genetic and/or acquired defect of nitric oxide synthesis could represent a central defect triggering many of the metabolic, vascular and sympathetic abnormalities characteristic of insulin-resistant states, all of which may predispose to cardiovascular disease.

Occupational UV exposure in French outdoor workers.

OBJECTIVES: Occupational ultraviolet (UV) exposure was evaluated in a population-based sample in France. METHODS: A random survey was conducted in 2012 in individuals aged 25 to 69 years. The median daily standard erythemal UV dose (SED) was estimated from exposure time and place and matched to satellite UV records. RESULTS: A total of 889 individuals were exposed to solar UV with highest doses observed among gardeners (1.19 SED), construction workers (1.13 SED), agricultural workers (0.95 SED), and culture/art/social science workers (0.92 SED). Information and communication technology, industry, and transport workers were highly exposed (>0.70 SED). Significant factors associated with high occupational UV exposure were sex (P < 0.0001), phototype (P = 0.0003), and taking lunch outdoors (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified not only expected occupations with high UV exposure but also unexpected occupations with high exposures. This could serve as a basis for future prevention.

Analyse systématique des faux documents d'identité à des fins de renseignement criminel: vers la construction de connaissances sur la criminalité par l'étude de la trace matérielle

Détecter et comprendre les formes de criminalité, notamment organisées, qui sont impliquées dans la fabrication, la diffusion et/ou l'utilisation de faux documents d'identité est un enjeu complexe et persistant, mais est une nécessité pour soutenir l'action de la sécurité et l'étude des phénomènes criminels. A cet égard, il est postulé qu'une approche traçologique s'appuyant sur un profilage systématique des caractéristiques matérielles des faux documents d'identité peut fournir des renseignements criminels originaux, utiles et pertinents. Une méthode générale a été développée pour extraire, mémoriser et comparer systématiquement les profils des faux documents d'identité saisis par les acteurs de la sécurité. Cette méthode permet de détecter et de suivre les relations entre cas, les tendances et patterns criminels, dont l'interprétation au travers de différentes formes d'analyse permet la mise en évidence de potentiels groupes criminels, d'auteurs prolifiques et de <i>modus operandi</i> récurrents. Par l'étude de centaines de faux documents d'identité saisis par la police et les garde-frontière dans deux pays distincts, cet article démontre comment le renseignement forensique peut soutenir la génération et l'étude d'hypothèses sur la criminalité, aidant par-là la compréhension des marchés et réseaux criminels sur les plans stratégique, opérationnel et tactique. L'article illustre également comment le renseignement forensique peut soutenir des mesures préventives et peut contribuer à l'analyse des risques que posent les faux documents d'identité, voire à la remise en cause de la stratégie sécuritaire et de contrôle actuelle. L'approche proposée présente un carctère essentiellement générique puisque, à l'instar de l'exemple des faux documents d'identité, n'importe quel type de trace matérielle peut être traité systématiquement et scientifiquement de sorte à contribuer à la construction structurée de connaissances sur la criminalité et la sécurité.

Drug-eluting stents compared to bare-metal stents improve short-term survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide prospective analysis of the AMIS Plus registry.

BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been suggested that the type of stent used in primary percutaneous coronary interventions (pPCI) might impact upon the outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Indeed, drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce neointimal hyperplasia compared to bare-metal stents (BMS). Moreover, the later generation DES, due to its biocompatible polymer coatings and stent design, allows for greater deliverability, improved endothelial healing and therefore less restenosis and thrombus generation. However, data on the safety and performance of DES in large cohorts of AMI is still limited. AIM: To compare the early outcome of DES vs. BMS in AMI patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicentre analysis containing patients from 64 hospitals in Switzerland with AMI undergoing pPCI between 2005 and 2013. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause death, whereas the secondary endpoint included a composite measure of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) of death, reinfarction, and cerebrovascular event. RESULTS: Of 20,464 patients with a primary diagnosis of AMI and enrolled to the AMIS Plus registry, 15,026 were referred for pPCI and 13,442 received stent implantation. 10,094 patients were implanted with DES and 2,260 with BMS. The overall in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients with DES compared to those with BMS implantation (2.6% vs. 7.1%,p < 0.001). The overall in-hospital MACCE after DES was similarly lower compared to BMS (3.5% vs. 7.6%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for all confounding covariables, DES remained an independent predictor for lower in-hospital mortality (OR 0.51,95% CI 0.40-0.67, p < 0.001). Since groups differed as regards to baseline characteristics and pharmacological treatment, we performed a propensity score matching (PSM) to limit potential biases. Even after the PSM, DES implantation remained independently associated with a reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.39-0.76, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In unselected patients from a nationwide, real-world cohort, we found DES, compared to BMS, was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and MACCE. The identification of optimal treatment strategies of patients with AMI needs further randomised evaluation; however, our findings suggest a potential benefit with DES.

How Party Linkages Shape Austerity Politics: Clientelism and Fiscal Adjustment in Greece and Portugal during the Eurozone Crisis

Drawing on an analysis of austerity reforms in Greece and Portugal during the sovereign debt crisis from 2009 onwards, we show how the nature of the linkages between parties and citizens shapes party strategies of fiscal retrenchment. We argue that parties which rely to a greater extent on the selective distribution of state resources to mobilize electoral support (clientelistic linkages) are more reluctant to agree to fiscal retrenchment because their own electoral survival depends on their ability to control state budgets to reward clients. In Greece, where parties relied extensively on these clientelistic linkages, austerity reforms have been characterized by recurring conflicts and disagreements between the main parties, as well as a fundamental transformation of the party system. By contrast, in Portugal, where parties relied less on clientelistic strategies, austerity reforms have been more consensual because fiscal retrenchment challenged to a lesser extent the electoral base of the mainstream parties.

Multimorbidity in primary care : protocol of a national cross-sectional study in Switzerland.

INTRODUCTION: With the ageing of the population and the general improvement of care, an increasing number of people are living with multiple chronic health conditions or 'multimorbidity'. Multimorbidity often implies multiple medical treatments. As a consequence, the risk of adverse events and the time spent by patients for their treatments increase exponentially. In many cases, treatment guidelines traditionally defined for single conditions are not easily applicable. Primary care for individuals with multimorbidity requires complex patient-centred care and good communication between the patient and the general practitioner (GP). This often includes prioritising among the different chronic conditions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The main objectives of this study are to describe the burden related to multimorbidity (disease-related burden and burden of treatment) in primary care and to identify the factors influencing it. Other objectives include evaluating patients' perception of treatment burden and quality of life, assessing factors influencing that perception, and investigating prioritisation in the management of multimorbidity from the perspectives of GPs and patients. For this cross-sectional study, patient enrolment will take place in GP's private practices across Switzerland. A convenient sample of 100 GPs will participate; overall, 1000 patients with at least three chronic health conditions will be enrolled. Data will be collected as paper-based questionnaires for GPs and delayed telephone interview questionnaires for patients. GPs will provide demographic and practice-related data. In addition, each GP will complete a paper-based questionnaire for each patient that they enrol. Each patient will complete a telephone interview questionnaire. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the research ethics committee of Canton Vaud, Switzerland (Protocol 315/14). The results of the study will be reported in international peer-reviewed journals.

Maintenance Therapy With Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Temozolomide vs Temozolomide Alone for Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Glioblastoma is the most devastating primary malignancy of the central nervous system in adults. Most patients die within 1 to 2 years of diagnosis. Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) are a locoregionally delivered antimitotic treatment that interferes with cell division and organelle assembly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of TTFields used in combination with temozolomide maintenance treatment after chemoradiation therapy for patients with glioblastoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: After completion of chemoradiotherapy, patients with glioblastoma were randomized (2:1) to receive maintenance treatment with either TTFields plus temozolomide (n = 466) or temozolomide alone (n = 229) (median time from diagnosis to randomization, 3.8 months in both groups). The study enrolled 695 of the planned 700 patients between July 2009 and November 2014 at 83 centers in the United States, Canada, Europe, Israel, and South Korea. The trial was terminated based on the results of this planned interim analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Treatment with TTFields was delivered continuously (>18 hours/day) via 4 transducer arrays placed on the shaved scalp and connected to a portable medical device. Temozolomide (150-200 mg/m2/d) was given for 5 days of each 28-day cycle. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population (significance threshold of .01) with overall survival in the per-protocol population (n = 280) as a powered secondary end point (significance threshold of .006). This prespecified interim analysis was to be conducted on the first 315 patients after at least 18 months of follow-up. RESULTS: The interim analysis included 210 patients randomized to TTFields plus temozolomide and 105 randomized to temozolomide alone, and was conducted at a median follow-up of 38 months (range, 18-60 months). Median progression-free survival in the intent-to-treat population was 7.1 months (95% CI, 5.9-8.2 months) in the TTFields plus temozolomide group and 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.3-5.2 months) in the temozolomide alone group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62 [98.7% CI, 0.43-0.89]; P = .001). Median overall survival in the per-protocol population was 20.5 months (95% CI, 16.7-25.0 months) in the TTFields plus temozolomide group (n = 196) and 15.6 months (95% CI, 13.3-19.1 months) in the temozolomide alone group (n = 84) (HR, 0.64 [99.4% CI, 0.42-0.98]; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this interim analysis of 315 patients with glioblastoma who had completed standard chemoradiation therapy, adding TTFields to maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy significantly prolonged progression-free and overall survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00916409.

Association between frailty and delirium in older adult patients discharged from hospital.

BACKGROUND: Delirium and frailty - both potentially reversible geriatric syndromes - are seldom studied together, although they often occur jointly in older patients discharged from hospitals. This study aimed to explore the relationship between delirium and frailty in older adults discharged from hospitals. METHODS: Of the 221 patients aged >65 years, who were invited to participate, only 114 gave their consent to participate in this study. Delirium was assessed using the confusion assessment method, in which patients were classified dichotomously as delirious or nondelirious according to its algorithm. Frailty was assessed using the Edmonton Frailty Scale, which classifies patients dichotomously as frail or nonfrail. In addition to the sociodemographic characteristics, covariates such as scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics and details regarding polymedication were collected. A multidimensional linear regression model was used for analysis. RESULTS: Almost 20% of participants had delirium (n=22), and 76.3% were classified as frail (n=87); 31.5% of the variance in the delirium score was explained by frailty (R (2)=0.315). Age; polymedication; scores of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), instrumental activities of daily living, and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics; and frailty increased the predictability of the variance of delirium by 32% to 64% (R (2)=0.64). CONCLUSION: Frailty is strongly related to delirium in older patients after discharge from the hospital.

Cerebral oximetry and return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: The prediction of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during resuscitation of patients suffering of cardiac arrest (CA) is particularly challenging. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) monitoring through near-infrared spectrometry is feasible during CA and could provide guidance during resuscitation. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the value of rSO2 in predicting ROSC both after in-hospital (IH) or out-of-hospital (OH) CA. Our search included MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE, from inception until April 4th, 2015. We included studies reporting values of rSO2 at the beginning of and/or during resuscitation, according to the achievement of ROSC. RESULTS: A total of nine studies with 315 patients (119 achieving ROSC, 37.7%) were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of those patients had an OHCA (n=225, 71.5%; IHCA: n=90, 28.5%). There was a significant association between higher values of rSO2 and ROSC, both in the overall calculation (standardized mean difference, SMD -1.03; 95%CI -1.39,-0.67; p<0.001), and in the subgroups analyses (rSO2 at the beginning of resuscitation: SMD -0.79; 95%CI -1.29,-0.30; p=0.002; averaged rSO2 value during resuscitation: SMD -1.28; 95%CI -1.74,-0.83; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher initial and average regional cerebral oxygen saturation values are both associated with greater chances of achieving ROSC in patients suffering of CA. A note of caution should be made in interpreting these results due to the small number of patients and the heterogeneity in study design: larger studies are needed to clinically validate cut-offs for guiding cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

La délégation d'activités étatiques au secteur privé

L'État s'appuie aujourd'hui sur le secteur privé pour déployer les nombreuses activités qui sont les siennes et cela suivant de multiples formules : en tant que client ou partenaire, dans le cadre de collaborations ou au sein de structures communes (sociétés d'économie mixte), voire dans le modèle de la privatisation. La 18e Journée de droit administratif, organisée à Lausanne le 10 février 2015, a ainsi choisi pour thème une modalité particulière de cette collaboration, fréquente aujourd'hui, celle de la délégation d'activités étatiques au secteur privé. Elle implique un transfert - partiel - de responsabilité de l'État au bénéficiaire de la délégation, pour un ensemble d'activités déterminées ; tel est le cas par exemple de celles accomplies par une caisse maladie dans le domaine de l'assurance-maladie sociale, une association interprofessionnelle investie de tâches de formation professionnelle ou encore le concessionnaire d'une ligne de transport public. Dans un premier temps, l'ouvrage revisite brièvement le phénomène dans une approche non juridique. Il s'agit en particulier d'en repérer les justifications (managériales ou, plus largement, économiques) et de prendre la mesure des objections qu'on lui oppose, notamment sur le plan démocratique. Le coeur de l'analyse porte sur le régime juridique applicable à ce mécanisme. Après une introduction générale, les principaux thèmes liés à la délégation de tâches publiques sont abordés. Comment, tout d'abord, prend naissance la relation entre l'administration et le délégataire, par quel type d'acte (décision, contrat) et selon quelle procédure intervient le choix du délégataire ? Sont traitées ensuite des relations de ce dernier avec les particuliers, plus spécialement sous l'angle des droits fondamentaux. L'ouvrage présente en outre le cadre juridique pertinent lorsque la délégation porte respectivement sur une activité étatique classique (ministérielle ; non économique) ou, au contraire, sur une activité à caractère économique ; les divergences, on le verra, sont nombreuses entre ces deux grandes catégories de délégations. Une étude sectorielle, consacrée au cas spécifique de la délégation aux hôpitaux (qui porte plus précisément sur les prestations de soins aigus en milieu stationnaire, à charge de l'assurance-maladie de base), complète la perspective. Le présent ouvrage dresse en définitive un « état de la question » du droit suisse sur le thème très actuel de la délégation ; une synthèse finale permet encore de nouer la gerbe dans une approche comparative.