Homicide-suicide cases in Switzerland and their impact on the Swiss Weapon Law.

Homicide followed by the suicide of the offender is a well-known phenomenon. In most cases, it takes place in the context of the so-called "family tragedies." A recent series of such family tragedies in Switzerland prompted an intensive debate in the media and the Swiss government concerning the Swiss Weapon Law, in particular the requirement to keep personal army weapons at home. The present study of Homicide-Suicide cases in Switzerland, thus focuses on the role played by guns, especially military weapons, in such crimes. We investigated retrospectively 75 cases of Homicide-Suicide, comprising 172 individuals and spanning a period of 23 years in western and central Switzerland. Our results show that if guns were used in 76% of the cases, army weapons were the cause of death in 25% of the total. In 28% of the deaths caused by a gunshot, the exact type of the gun and its origin could not be determined. Thus, the majority of Homicide-Suicide cases in Switzerland involve the use of guns. The exact percentage of cases were military weapons were involved could not be defined. In our opinion, a stricter weapons law, restricting access to firearms, would be a factor of prevention of Homicide- Suicide cases in Switzerland.

Antecedents, psychiatric characteristics and follow-up of adolescents hospitalized for suicide attempt of overwhelming suicidal ideation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the socio-demographic as well as the health and psychiatric profiles of adolescents hospitalised for suicide attempt or overwhelming suicide ideation and to assess repetition of suicide attempt over a period of 18 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 2000 and September 2001, all patients aged 16 to 21 years admitted to the University Hospitals of Geneva and Lausanne for suicide attempt or ideation were included in the study. At this time (T0) semi-structured face to face interviews were conducted to identify socio-demographic data, mental health and antecedents regarding suicidal conducts. Current psychiatric status was assessed with the MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Instrument). At T1 and T2, reassessments included psychiatric status (MINI) as well as lifestyles, socio-professional situation and suicidal behaviours. RESULTS: At T0, 269 subjects met the study criteria, among whom 83 subjects (56 girls and 27 boys) left the hospital too quickly to be involved or refused to participate in the study (final sample at T0: 149 girls; 37 boys). The participation rate at T1 and T2 was respectively 66% and 62% of the original sample. The percentage of adolescents meeting the criteria for psychiatric diagnoses (91%) was high: affective disorder (78%); anxiety disorder (64%); substance use disorder (39%); eating disorder (9%); psychotic disorder (11%); antisocial personality (7%) with most subjects (85%) having more than one disorder. Around 90% of the subjects interviewed at T1, and/or T2, had received follow-up care after their hospitalisation, either by a primary care physician or a psychotherapist or both. Two subjects died of violent death and 18% made a further suicide attempt. CONCLUSION: Most adolescents hospitalised for suicidal episodes suffer from psychiatric problems which should be addressed by a careful psychiatric assessment, followed up if needed by a structured after care plan.

Le "neurally adjusted ventilatory assist": vers une révolution de la ventilation mécanique [Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist: a revolution of mechanical ventilation?].

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist or NAVA is a new assisted ventilatory mode which, in comparison with pressure support, leads to improved patient-ventilator synchrony and a more variable ventilatory pattern. It also improves arterial oxygenation. With NAVA, the electrical activity of the diaphragm is recorded through a nasogastric tube equipped with electrodes. This electrical activity is then used to pilot the ventilator. With NAVA, the patient's respiratory pattern controls the ventilator's timing of triggering and cycling as well as the magnitude of pressurization, which is proportional to inspiratory demand. The effect of NAVA on patient outcome remains to be determined through well-designed prospective studies.

Complex suicide with homemade nicotine patches.

Suicide by self-poisoning is rather common around the world. This paper presents an exceptional complex suicide in which nicotine was applied in the form of self-made patches soaked with an extraction from fine-cut tobacco. In addition, the 51-year-old suicide victim took a lethal dose of diphenhydramine. Toxicological analysis also revealed the presence of tetrazepam in subtherapeutic concentrations. The scene of death suggested an autoerotic accident at first, as the body was tied with tapes, cables and handcuffs. As a result of the entire investigations, the fatality had to be classified as a suicidal intoxication by nicotine and diphenhydramine.

Chances and limits of method restriction: a detailed analysis of suicide methods in Switzerland.

The objective of this study was to estimate the potential of method restriction as a public health strategy in suicide prevention. Data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office and the Swiss Institutes of Forensic Medicine from 2004 were gathered and categorized into suicide submethods according to accessibility to restriction of means. Of suicides in Switzerland, 39.2% are accessible to method restriction. The highest proportions were found in private weapons (13.2%), army weapons (10.4%), and jumps from hot-spots (4.6%). The presented method permits the estimation of the suicide prevention potential of a country by method restriction and the comparison of restriction potentials between suicide methods. In Switzerland, reduction of firearm suicides has the highest potential to reduce the total number of suicides.

The VAD connection : connecting ventricular assist devices to the aorta in silico

Les systèmes d'assistance ventriculaire sont apparus durant la dernière décade comme une approche thérapeutique efficace du traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque terminale, en particulier dans le contexte de manque de donneurs d'organes. Néanmoins, et ceci malgré les progrès techniques majeurs, les taux de complications restent élevés et sont en partie liés à la configuration géométrique, en particulier le site d'implantation de la cannule de sortie à l'aorte thoracique. Bien que l'anastomose à l'aorte descendante permette une chirurgie moins invasive, les bénéfices de cette technique sont toujours controversés, comparée à la méthode standard de l'aorte ascendante, en raison du risque thrombo-embolique possiblement augmenté et des modifications hémodynamiques induites au niveau de l'arc aortique. Dans ce travail, nous comparons in silico en terme de débit et pression les deux possibilités anastomotiques. Nous développons un réseau de modèles mathématiques unidimensionnels, et l'appliquons à diverses situations cliniques, pour différents stades d'insuffisance cardiaque et de vitesses de rotation de la machine. Les données initiales sont obtenues grâce à un modèle OD (c'est-à-dire qui dépend uniquement du temps mais pas de l'espace) du système cardiovasculaire comprenant une assistance circulatoire, validé avec des données cliniques. Les simulations réalisées montrent que les deux méthodes sont similaires, en terme de débit et courbes de pression, ceci pour tous les cas cliniques étudiés. Ces résultats numériques soutiennent la possibilité d'utiliser la technique d'anastomose à l'aorte thoracique descendante, permettant une chirurgie moins invasive. Sur un plan plus fondamental, le système cardiovasculaire peut être simulé par le biais de multiples modèles de niveau de complexité différents, au prix d'un coût computationnel toujours plus élevé. Nous évaluons les avantages de modèles géométriques à plusieurs échelles (uni- et tridimensionnelle) avec données provenant de patients, comparés à des modèles simplifiés. Les résultats montrent que ces modèles de dimensions hétérogènes apportent un bénéfice important en terme de ressources de calcul, tout en conservant une précision acceptable. En conclusion, ces résultats encourageant montrent la relevance des études numériques dans le domaine médical, tant sur le plan fondamental et la compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques, que sur le plan applicatif et le développement de nouvelles thérapeutiques.

Assistance au suicide en hôpital de soins aigus: sommes-nous prêts [Physician-assisted suicide in university hospital: are we ready?]

Assisting people to commit suicide has generated a passionate public debate. In exceptional situations, access to this support can be granted to the demanders in a hospital environment. So did the CHUV and the academic hospitals of Geneva draw up a procedure permitting, in principle, the access to an assistance to commit suicide. Two recent clinical situations experienced in the CHUV's Service of internal medicine have created a lot of discussions, doubts and revealed, sometimes, divergent positions. By the light of this clinical cases, we wished to share the perspective of the internist in charge of the ethician, of the chaplain, of the medical director, of the psychiatrist and of the palliative care responsible. Theses complex situations illustrate the deep ambivalence felt by the clinicians confronted to situations which require a multidisciplinary approach.

Effect of religion on suicide attempts in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders compared with inpatients with non-psychotic disorders

Little is known of the relations between psychosis, religion and suicide. One hundred and fifteen outpatients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder and 30 inpatients without psychotic symptoms were studied using a semi-structured interview assessing religiousness/spirituality. Their past suicide attempts were examined. Additionally, they were asked about the role (protective or incentive) of religion in their decision to commit suicide. Forty-three percent of the patients with psychosis had previously attempted suicide. Religiousness was not associated with the rate of patients who attempted suicide. Twenty-five percent of all subjects acknowledged a protective role of religion, mostly through ethical condemnation of suicide and religious coping. One out of ten patients reported an incentive role of religion, not only due to negatively connotated issues but also to the hope for something better after death. There were no differences between groups (i.e. psychotic vs. non-psychotic patients). Religion may play a specific role in the decisions patients make about suicide, both in psychotic and non-psychotic patients. This role may be protective, a finding particularly important for patients with psychosis who are known to be at high risk of severe suicide attempts. Interventions aiming to lower the number of suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia should take these data into account.

Suicide risk among incident cases of cancer in the Swiss Canton of Vaud.

Data collected by the Cancer Registry of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, wer used to estimate the risk of suicide for patients diagnosed with cancer. Among 24,166 cases of invasive neoplasms other than nonmelanomatous skin cancer reported between 1976 and 1987 and followed through integrated active follow-up to the end of 1987, for a total of 57,164 person years at risk, there were 55 registered suicides vs. 21.3 expected (standardized mortality ratio, SMR = 2.6; 95% confidence interval, Cl = 2.0-3.4). The ratio was slightly, but not significantly higher for males (SMR = 2.8) than for females (SMR = 2.2) and comparable across subsequent age groups. The risk of suicide was high during the 1st year after notification (SMR = 3.9) and decreased to 2.2 between 1 and 5 years and to 1.5 over 5 years. This study suggests that the risk of suicide after a diagnosis of cancer may be greater than previously estimated from cancer registry data in Finland, Sweden, and Connecticut (USA), at least in this population of Central Europe with high overall suicide rates.

Personality trait risk factors for attempted suicide among young women with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: - Clinical observations and a review of the literature led us to hypothesize that certain personality and character traits could provide improved understanding, and thus improved prevention, of suicidal behaviour among young women with eating disorders. METHOD: - The clinical group consisted of 152 women aged between 18 and 24 years, with DSM-IV anorexia nervosa/restrictive type (AN-R = 66), anorexia nervosa/purging type (AN-P = 37), bulimia nervosa/non-purging type (BN-NP = 9), or bulimia nervosa/purging type (BN-P = 40). The control group consisted of 140 subjects. The assessment measures were the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-second version (MMPI-2) scales and subscales, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) used to control for current depressive symptoms, plus a specific questionnaire concerning suicide attempts. RESULTS: - Suicide attempts were most frequent in subjects with purging behaviour (30.0% for BN-P and 29.7% for AN-P). Those attempting suicide among subjects with eating disorders were mostly students (67.8%). For women with AN-R the scales for 'Depression' and 'Antisocial practices' represented significant suicidal risk, for women with AN-P the scales for 'Hysteria', 'Psychopathic deviate', 'Shyness/Self-consciousness', 'Antisocial Practices', 'Obsessiveness' and 'Low self-esteem' were risk indicators and for women with BN-P the 'Psychasthenia', 'Anger' and 'Fears' scales were risk indicators. CONCLUSION: - This study provides interesting results concerning the personality traits of young women with both eating disorders and suicidal behaviour. Students and those with purging behaviour are most at risk. Young women should be given more attention with regard to the risk of suicide attempts if they: (a). have AN-R with a tendency to self-punishment and antisocial conduct, (b). have AN-P with multiple physical complaints, are not at ease in social situations and have antisocial behaviour, or (c). if they have BN-P and tend to be easily angered with obsessive behaviour and phobic worries. The MMPI-2 is an interesting assessment method for the study of traits indicating a risk of suicidal behaviour in young subjects, after controlling for current depressive pathology.

Prevalence and predictors of suicide attempt in an incidence cohort of 661 young people with first-episode psychosis

OBJECTIVES: Studies investigating suicidal behaviour in psychosis rarely focus on incidence cohorts of first-episode patients. This is important, because patients who refuse study participation have higher rates of comorbid substance use disorders and longer duration of untreated psychosis as well as worse course illness, variables potentially linked to higher prevalence of suicidal behaviour. The aims of the present study were therefore to examine the prevalence and predictors of suicide and suicide attempt before and during the first 18-24 months of treatment. METHOD: A retrospective file audit of 661 patients was carried out. RESULTS: Six patients (0.9%) died by suicide, 93 (14.3%) attempted suicide prior to entry, and 57 (8.7%) did so during treatment. Predictors of suicide attempt were: previous attempt (odds ratio (OR)=45.54, 95% confidence interval (CI)=9.46-219.15), sexual abuse (OR=8.46, 95%CI=1.88-38.03), comorbid polysubstance (OR=13.63, 95%CI=2.58-71.99), greater insight (OR=0.17, 95%CI=0.06-0.49), lower baseline Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Scale of Occupational and Functional Assessment score (OR=0.96, 95%CI=0.62-0.91; OR=0.98, 95%CI=0.95-0.99), and longer time in treatment (OR=1.05, 95%CI=1.03-1.08). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of suicidal behaviour was high, indicating that suicidal behaviour in incidence populations is higher than in non-epidemiological cohorts of first-episode patients. The rate of repetition of suicide attempt among the sample, however, was lower than expected, suggesting that specialist services can play a role in reducing suicide risk.

Prévalence du désir de mort et facteurs associé : une revue de la littérature

Contexte: Le désir de hâter la survenue de leur mort (DM)¦exprimé par certains patients est souvent vécu difficilement¦par les soignants. Le débat actuel sur le¦suicide assisté et l'euthanasie met en lumière cette¦problématique encore peu explorée. Le but de cette¦revue est d'identifier la prévalence du DM et les¦facteurs associés à ce désir.¦Méthode: Une revue de littérature a été conduite jusqu'en¦septembre 2010 en utilisant les termes : « Wish to¦die/to hasten death - Desire to hasten death/for¦death/for early death - Request for assistance in¦dying - Assisted suicide - Euthanasia » et « Advanced/¦terminal illness - Chronic illness/disease ». Seules les¦études cliniques menées auprès de patients ont été¦sélectionnées.¦Résultats: 55 études ont été identifiées, dont 13 de type qualitatif¦: 63% d'entre elles portaient sur des patients¦atteints de cancer, 22% de maladies de diverses origines,¦9% d'VIH et 6% de sclérose latérale amyotrophique.¦Seulement 9% portaient spécifiquement sur¦des patients gériatriques. La définition du DM était¦très variable d'une étude à l'autre, allant du désir de¦mourir à un souhait de hâter la survenue de la mort,¦voire à une demande explicite d'assistance au suicide¦ou d'euthanasie. La prévalence du DM variait¦de 2 à 22% selon la définition utilisée et la population¦étudiée. Les facteurs les plus fréquemment associés¦au DM étaient la dépression, le désespoir, la perte¦de sens, de dignité et le sentiment d'être une charge.¦Les symptômes physiques et les autres dimensions¦psychosociales ne paraissaient jouer qu'un rôle indirect.¦Une instabilité temporelle du DM était rapportée¦par neuf travaux, notamment lors de dépression.¦Discussion: L'hétérogénéité de ces études ne permet pas de¦conclure sur la prévalence des différentes expressions¦du DM. Par ailleurs, même si certains facteurs¦semblent associés au DM, de nouvelles études sont¦nécessaires pour mieux comprendre la chronologie¦de son développement.¦Perspectives: Des études prospectives, utilisant notamment une¦approche mixte, qualitative et quantitative, sont nécessaires. Elles devraient explorer non seulement les facteurs de risque mais également les facteurs « protecteurs » du DM. Sur cette base, un modèle conceptuel pourrait être défini et utilisé ensuite pour développer des interventions spécifiques dans l'objectif d'améliorer la prise en charge des patients exprimant un tel désir.¦Références: 1. Hudson PL, Kristjanson LJ, Ashby M, et al. Desire for hastened death in patients with advanced disease and the evidence base of clinical¦guidelines : a systematic review. Palliat Med 2006;20:693-701.¦2. Schroepfer TA. Mind frames towards dying and factors motivating their adoption by terminally ill elders. J Gerontol 2006;61:S129-S139.¦3. Rodin G, Lo C, Mikulincer M, Donner A, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C.¦Pathways to distress : the multiple determinants of depression, hopelessness, and the desire for hastened death in metastatic cancer¦patients. Soc Sci Med 2009;68:562-9.

Patient-ventilator asynchrony during noninvasive pressure support ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in infants and children.

OBJECTIVES: To document the prevalence of asynchrony events during noninvasive ventilation in pressure support in infants and in children and to compare the results with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist. DESIGN: Prospective randomized cross-over study in children undergoing noninvasive ventilation. SETTING: The study was performed in a PICU. PATIENTS: From 4 weeks to 5 years. INTERVENTIONS: Two consecutive ventilation periods (pressure support and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist) were applied in random order. During pressure support (PS), three levels of expiratory trigger (ETS) setting were compared: initial ETS (PSinit), and ETS value decreased and increased by 15%. Of the three sessions, the period allowing for the lowest number of asynchrony events was defined as PSbest. Neurally adjusted ventilator assist level was adjusted to match the maximum airway pressure during PSinit. Positive end-expiratory pressure was the same during pressure support and neurally adjusted ventilator assist. Asynchrony events, trigger delay, and cycling-off delay were quantified for each period. RESULTS: Six infants and children were studied. Trigger delay was lower with neurally adjusted ventilator assist versus PSinit and PSbest (61 ms [56-79] vs 149 ms [134-180] and 146 ms [101-162]; p = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). Inspiratory time in excess showed a trend to be shorter during pressure support versus neurally adjusted ventilator assist. Main asynchrony events during PSinit were autotriggering (4.8/min [1.7-12]), ineffective efforts (9.9/min [1.7-18]), and premature cycling (6.3/min [3.2-18.7]). Premature cycling (3.4/min [1.1-7.7]) was less frequent during PSbest versus PSinit (p = 0.059). The asynchrony index was significantly lower during PSbest versus PSinit (40% [28-65] vs 65.5% [42-76], p < 0.001). With neurally adjusted ventilator assist, all types of asynchronies except double triggering were reduced. The asynchrony index was lower with neurally adjusted ventilator assist (2.3% [0.7-5] vs PSinit and PSbest, p < 0.05 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION: Asynchrony events are frequent during noninvasive ventilation with pressure support in infants and in children despite adjusting the cycling-off criterion. Compared with pressure support, neurally adjusted ventilator assist allows improving patient-ventilator synchrony by reducing trigger delay and the number of asynchrony events. Further studies should determine the clinical impact of these findings.