Data-driven topo-climatic mapping with machine learning methods

Automatic environmental monitoring networks enforced by wireless communication technologies provide large and ever increasing volumes of data nowadays. The use of this information in natural hazard research is an important issue. Particularly useful for risk assessment and decision making are the spatial maps of hazard-related parameters produced from point observations and available auxiliary information. The purpose of this article is to present and explore the appropriate tools to process large amounts of available data and produce predictions at fine spatial scales. These are the algorithms of machine learning, which are aimed at non-parametric robust modelling of non-linear dependencies from empirical data. The computational efficiency of the data-driven methods allows producing the prediction maps in real time which makes them superior to physical models for the operational use in risk assessment and mitigation. Particularly, this situation encounters in spatial prediction of climatic variables (topo-climatic mapping). In complex topographies of the mountainous regions, the meteorological processes are highly influenced by the relief. The article shows how these relations, possibly regionalized and non-linear, can be modelled from data using the information from digital elevation models. The particular illustration of the developed methodology concerns the mapping of temperatures (including the situations of Föhn and temperature inversion) given the measurements taken from the Swiss meteorological monitoring network. The range of the methods used in the study includes data-driven feature selection, support vector algorithms and artificial neural networks.

A case study of landslides and coping strategies in two villages of central-eastern Nepal

Landslides are an increasing problem in Nepal's Middle Hills due to both natural and human phenomena: mainly increasingly intense monsoon rains and a boom in rural road construction. This problem has largely been neglected due to underreporting of losses and the dispersed nature of landslides. Understanding how populations cope with landslides is a first step toward developing more effective landslide risk management programs. The present research focuses on two villages in Central-Eastern Nepal, both affected by active landslides but with different coping strategies. Research methods are interdisciplinary, based on a geological assessment of landslide risk and a socio-economic study of the villages using household questionnaires, focus group discussions and transect walks. Community risk maps are compared with geological landslide risk maps to better understand and communicate community risk perceptions, priorities and coping strategies. A modified typology of coping strategies is presented, based on previous work by Burton, Kates, and White (1993) that is useful for decision-makers for designing more effective programs for landslide mitigation. Main findings underscore that coping strategies, mainly seeking external assistance and outmigration, are closely linked to access to resources, ethnicity/social status and levels of community organization. Conclusions include the importance of investing in organizational skills, while building on local knowledge about landslide mitigation for reducing landslide risk. There is great potential to increase coping strategies by incorporating skills training on landslide mitigation in existing agricultural outreach and community forest user group training.

Cannabis and tobacco co-consumptions: can cannabis consumers quit cigarette smoking?

Purpose: To assess the relation between cannabis and tobacco consumption among adolescents in Switzerland and whether cannabis and tobacco co-users can quit cigarette smoking. Methods: Based on individual interviews and focus groups, 22 youths aged 15-20 discussed cannabis consumption behaviours. Twenty (14 males) were cannabis consumers - of which 18 also smoked tobacco and 2 quit tobacco smoking - and 2 were former cannabis consumers (both females and daily smokers). Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software. Results: Among the co-consumers, 9 started with tobacco, 7 with cannabis, and 2 with both. The main consumption mode among all cannabis consumers is joints, while other ways of consuming such as food preparations and water pipes are rare and experimental. Joints always mix cannabis with tobacco for 3 reasons: to burn correctly, pure cannabis is too strong, and smoking cannabis alone is too expensive. Two cannabis consumers - one former tobacco smoker and one occasional tobacco smoker - consider rolling tobacco less addictive than cigarette tobacco alone, and hence use it in their joints. Overall cannabis is considered 'natural' and less harmful to health than tobacco. Thus, many users describe their wish, in the longer term, to quit tobacco consumption without excluding occasional cannabis consumption. Nonetheless, all coconsumers declare that they smoke cigarettes as a substitute for cannabis: For example, "If I don't have a joint, I need fags; if I don't have fags, I need joints; and if I don't have anything, I go crazy!" or "About 20 minutes after smoking a joint we feel like smoking something again, because in the joint there is pure tobacco without a filter as in cigarettes, and that creates a crazy dependency!". Finally, all co-consumers state that the consumption of one of the substances increases when trying to diminish the other: "A few months ago I stopped smoking joints for a month. Well I was smoking more than a pack [of cigarettes] a day." Similarly, the 2 former cannabis consumers increased their cigarette use since quitting cannabis. Conclusions: The majority of cannabis users co-consume tobacco as a way of compensating for one substance or the other. Using tobacco within joints implies that there is a risk that even occasional joints can revive nicotine addiction. Consequently, health professionals wishing to help adolescents in substance use cessation and prevention efforts should consider both substances in a global perspective. Sources of Support: Dept. of Public Health of the canton of Vaud.

Placental growth factor-1 and epithelial haemato-retinal barrier breakdown: potential implication in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Disruption of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) barrier contributes to sub-retinal fluid and retinal oedema as observed in diabetic retinopathy. High placental growth factor (PLGF) vitreous levels have been found in diabetic patients. This work aimed to elucidate the influence of PLGF-1 on a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) barrier in vitro and on normal rat eyes in vivo. METHODS: ARPE-19 permeability was measured using transepithelial resistance and inulin flux under stimulation of PLGF-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-E and VEGF 165. Using RT-PCR, we evaluated the effect of hypoxic conditions or insulin on transepithelial resistance and on PLGF-1 and VEGF receptors. The involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK, also known as MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK, also known as EPHB2) signalling pathways under PLGF-1 stimulation was evaluated by western blot analysis and specific inhibitors. The effect of PLGF-1 on the external haemato-retinal barrier was evaluated after intravitreous injection of PLGF-1 in the rat eye; evaluation was by semi-thin analysis and zonula occludens-1 immunolocalisation on flat-mounted RPE. RESULTS: In vitro, PLGF-1 induced a reversible decrease of transepithelial resistance and enhanced tritiated inulin flux. These effects were specifically abolished by an antisense oligonucleotide directed at VEGF receptor 1. Exposure of ARPE-19 cells to hypoxic conditions or to insulin induced an upregulation of PLGF-1 expression along with increased transcellular permeability. The PLGF-1-induced RPE cell permeability involved the MEK signalling pathway. Injection of PLGF-1 in the rat eye vitreous induced an opening of the RPE tight junctions with subsequent sub-retinal fluid accumulation, retinal oedema and cytoplasm translocation of junction proteins. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results indicate that PLGF-1 may be a potential regulation target for the control of diabetic retinal and macular oedema.

Systematic analysis of factors associated with progression and regression of ulcerative colitis in 918 patients.

BACKGROUND: Studies that systematically assess change in ulcerative colitis (UC) extent over time in adult patients are scarce. AIM: To assess changes in disease extent over time and to evaluate clinical parameters associated with this change. METHODS: Data from the Swiss IBD cohort study were analysed. We used logistic regression modelling to identify factors associated with a change in disease extent. RESULTS: A total of 918 UC patients (45.3% females) were included. At diagnosis, UC patients presented with the following disease extent: proctitis [199 patients (21.7%)], left-sided colitis [338 patients (36.8%)] and extensive colitis/pancolitis [381 (41.5%)]. During a median disease duration of 9 [4-16] years, progression and regression was documented in 145 patients (15.8%) and 149 patients (16.2%) respectively. In addition, 624 patients (68.0%) had a stable disease extent. The following factors were identified to be associated with disease progression: treatment with systemic glucocorticoids [odds ratio (OR) 1.704, P = 0.025] and calcineurin inhibitors (OR: 2.716, P = 0.005). No specific factors were found to be associated with disease regression. CONCLUSIONS: Over a median disease duration of 9 [4-16] years, about two-thirds of UC patients maintained the initial disease extent; the remaining one-third had experienced either progression or regression of the disease extent.

Jasmonic acid and the THO/TREX complex participate in phosphate starvation response

All plants are typically confronted to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress throughout their life cycle. Low inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the most common nutrient deficiency limiting plant growth in natural and agricultural ecosystems while insect herbivory accounts for major losses in plant productivity and impacts on ecological and evolutionary changes in plant populations. Here we report that plants experiencing Pi deficiency induce the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway and enhance their defence against insect herbivory. The phol mutant is impaired in the translocation of Pi from roots to shoots and shows the typical symptoms associated with Pi deficiency, including high anthocyanin and poor shoot growth. These phol shoot phenotypes were significantly attenuated by blocking the JA biosynthesis or signalling pathways. Wounded phol leaves hyper-accumulated JA in comparison to wild type, leading to increased resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. Pi deficiency also triggered enhanced resistance to herbivory in wild-type Arabidopsis as well as tomato and tobacco, revealing that the link between Pi deficiency and JA-mediated herbivory resistance is conserved in a diversity of plants, including crops. We performed a phol suppressor screen to identify new components involved in the adaptation of plants to Pi deficiency. We report that the THO RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND EXPORT (THO/TREX) complex is a crucial component involved in modulating the Pi- deficiency response. Knockout mutants of at least three members of the THO/TREX complex, including TEX1, HPR1, and TH06, can suppress the phol shoot phenotype. Grafting experiments showed that loss of function of TEX1 only in the root was sufficient to suppress the reduced shoot growth phenotype of phol while maintaining low Pi contents. This indicates that TEX1 is involved in a long distance root-to-shoot signalling component of the Pi-deficiency response. We identified a small MYB-like transcription factor, RAD LIKE 3 (RL3), as a potential downstream target of the THO/TREX complex. RL3 expression is induced in phol mutants but attenuated in phol-7 texl-4 double mutants. Identical to knockout mutants of the THO/TREX complex, rl3 mutants can suppress the phol shoot phenotypes. Interestingly, RL3 is induced during Pi deficiency and is described in the literature as likely being mobile. It is therefore a promising new candidate involved in the root-to-shoot Pi-deficiency signalling response. Finally, we report that PHOl and its homologue PH01:H3 are involved in the co-regulation of Pi and zinc (Zn) homeostasis. PH01;H3 is up-regulated in response to Zn deficiency and, like PHOl, is expressed in the root vascular cylinder and localizes to the Golgi when expressed transiently in tobacco cells. The phol;h3 mutant accumulates more Pi as compared to wild-type when grown in Zn-deficient medium, but this increase is abolished in the phol phol;h3 double mutant. These results suggest that PH01;H3 restricts the PHOl-mediated root-to-shoot Pi transfer in responsé to Zn deficiency. Résumé Au cours de leur cycle de vie, toutes les plantes sont généralement confrontées à divers stress biotiques et abiotiques. La carence nutritionnelle la plus fréquente, limitant la croissance des plantes dans les écosystèmes naturels et agricoles, est la faible teneur en phosphate inorganique (Pi). Au niveau des stress biotiques, les insectes herbivores sont responsables de pertes majeures de rendement et ont un impact considérable sur les changements écologiques et évolutifs dans les populations des plantes. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence que les plantes en situation de carence en Pi induisent la voie de l'acide jasmonique (JA) et augmentent leur défense contre les insectes herbivores. Le mutant phol est déficient dans le transport du phosphate des racines aux feuilles et démontre les symptômes typiques associés à la carence, tels que la forte concentration en anthocyane et une faible croissance foliaire. Ces phénotypes du mutant phol sont significativement atténués lors d'un blocage de la voie de la biosynthèse ou des voies de signalisation du JA. La blessure des feuilles induit une hyper-accumulation de JA chez phol, résultant en une augmentation de la résistance contre l'herbivore généraliste Spodoptera littoralis. Outre Arabidopsis, la carence en Pi induit une résistance accrue aux insectes herbivores aussi chez la tomate et le tabac. Cette découverte révèle que le lien entre la carence en Pi et la résistance aux insectes herbivores via le JA est conservé dans différentes espèces végétales, y compris les plantes de grandes cultures. Nous avons effectué un crible du suppresseur de phol afin d'identifier de nouveaux acteurs impliqués dans l'adaptation de la plante à la carence en Pi. Nous rapportons que le complexe nommé THO RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND EXPORT (THO/TREX) est un élément crucial participant à la réponse des feuilles à la carence en Pi. Les mutations d'au moins trois des membres que composent le complexe THO/TREX, incluant TEX1, HPR1 et 77/06, peuvent supprimer le phénotype de phol. Des expériences de greffes ont montré que la perte de fonction de TEX1, seulement dans la racine, est suffisante pour supprimer le phénotype de la croissance réduite des parties aériennes observé chez le mutant phol, tout en maintenant de faibles teneurs en Pi foliaire. Ceci indique que TEX1 est impliqué dans la signalisation longue distance entre les racines et les parties aériennes. Nous avons identifié un petit facteur de transcription proche de la famille des MYB, RAD LIKE 3 (RL3), comme une cible potentielle en aval du complexe THO / TREX. L'expression du gène RL3 est induite dans le mutant phol mais atténuée dans le double mutant phol-7 texl-4. Exactement comme les plantes mutées d'un des membres du complexe THO/TREX, le mutant rl3 peut supprimer le phénotype foliaire de phol. RL3 est induit au cours d'une carence en Pi et est décrit dans la littérature comme étant potentiellement mobile. Par conséquent, il serait un nouveau candidat potentiellement impliqué dans la réponse longue distance entre les racines et les parties aériennes lors d'un déficit en Pi. Enfin, nous reportons que PHOl et son homologue PHOl: H3 sont impliqués dans la co- régulation de l'homéostasie du Pi et du zinc (Zn). PHOl; H3 est sur-exprimé en réponse au déficit en Zn et, comme PHOl, est exprimé dans les tissus vasculaires des racines et se localise dans l'appareil de Golgi lorsqu'il est exprimé de manière transitoire dans des cellules de tabac. Le mutant phol; h3 accumule plus de Pi par rapport aux plantes sauvages lorsqu'il est cultivé sur un milieu déficient en Zn, mais cette augmentation en Pi est abolie dans le double mutant phol phol; h3. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'en réponse à une carence en Zn, PHOl; H3 limite l'action de PHOl et diminue le transfert du Pi des racines aux parties aériennes.

Parallel declines in species and genetic diversity driven by anthropogenic disturbance: a multispecies approach in a French Atlantic dune system.

Numerous studies assess the correlation between genetic and species diversities, but the processes underlying the observed patterns have only received limited attention. For instance, varying levels of habitat disturbance across a region may locally reduce both diversities due to extinctions, and increased genetic drift during population bottlenecks and founder events. We investigated the regional distribution of genetic and species diversities of a coastal sand dune plant community along 240 kilometers of coastline with the aim to test for a correlation between the two diversity levels. We further quantify and tease apart the respective contributions of natural and anthropogenic disturbance factors to the observed patterns. We detected significant positive correlation between both variables. We further revealed a negative impact of urbanization: Sites with a high amount of recreational infrastructure within 10 km coastline had significantly lowered genetic and species diversities. On the other hand, a measure of natural habitat disturbance had no effect. This study shows that parallel variation of genetic and species diversities across a region can be traced back to human landscape alteration, provides arguments for a more resolute dune protection, and may help to design priority conservation areas.