Mind the Gap. Do Proportional Electoral Systems Foster a More Equal Representation of Women and Men, Poor and Rich ?

Female gender and low income are two markers for groups that have been historically disadvantaged within most societies. The study explores two research questions related to their political representation: 1) Are parties ideologically biased towards the ideological preferences of male and rich citizens? 2) Does the proportionality of the electoral system moderate the degree of underrepresentation of women and poor citizens in the party system? A multilevel analysis of survey data from 24 parliamentary democracies indicates that there is some bias against those with low income and, at a much smaller rate, women. This has systemic consequences for the quality of representation, as the preferences of the complementary groups differ. The proportionality of the electoral system influences the degree of underrepresentation: specifically, larger district magnitudes help closing the considerable gap between rich and poor.

Labor Market Signaling and Self-Confidence: Wage Compression and the Gender Pay Gap

I extend Spence's signaling model by assuming that some workers are overconfident-they underestimate their marginal cost of acquiring education-and some are underconfident. Firms cannot observe workers' productive abilities and beliefs but know the fractions of high-ability, overconfident, and underconfident workers. I find that biased beliefs lower the wage spread and compress the wages of unbiased workers. I show that gender differences in self-confidence can contribute to the gender pay gap. If education raises productivity, men are overconfident, and women underconfident, then women will, on average, earn less than men. Finally, I show that biased beliefs can improve welfare.

Validation du GAP Index, un outil prédictif de mortalité dans la fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique

Fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis) est une maladie diffuse du parenchyme pulmonaire de cause inconnue caractérisée par une aggravation de la dyspnée, une réduction du volume pulmonaire et une altération des échanges gazeux. Elle est la plus fréquente de pneumopathies interstitielles idiopathiques (IIPs, Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias), avec une incidence annuelle estimée entre 4,6 et 16,3 pour 100'000 personnes et une prévalence de 13 à 20 cas pour 100 000 personnes. Son évolution est progressive, irréversible et de mauvais pronostic avec une survie médiane de 2 à 3.5 ans et une survie à 5 ans de moins de 20%.