Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of associated congenital heart diseases by fetal ultrasonographic examination in Europe.

Ultrasound scans in the mid trimester of pregnancy are now a routine part of antenatal care in most European countries. With the assistance of Registries of Congenital Anomalies a study was undertaken in Europe. The objective of the study was to evaluate prenatal detection of congenital heart defects (CHD) by routine ultrasonographic examination of the fetus. All congenital malformations suspected prenatally and all congenital malformations, including chromosome anomalies, confirmed at birth were identified from the Congenital Malformation Registers, including 20 registers from the following European countries: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, UK and Ukrainia. These registries follow the same methodology. The study period was 1996-1998, 709 030 births were covered, and 8126 cases with congenital malformations were registered. If more than one cardiac malformation was present the case was coded as complex cardiac malformation. CHD were subdivided into 'isolated' when only a cardiac malformation was present and 'associated' when at least one other major extra cardiac malformation was present. The associated CHD were subdivided into chromosomal, syndromic non-chromosomal and multiple. The study comprised 761 associated CHD including 282 cases with multiple malformations, 375 cases with chromosomal anomalies and 104 cases with non-chromosomal syndromes. The proportion of prenatal diagnosis of associated CHD varied in relation to the ultrasound screening policies from 17.9% in countries without routine screening (The Netherlands and Denmark) to 46.0% in countries with only one routine fetal scan and 55.6% in countries with two or three routine fetal scans. The prenatal detection rate of chromosomal anomalies was 40.3% (151/375 cases). This rate for recognized syndromes and multiply malformed with CHD was 51.9% (54/104 cases) and 48.6% (137/282 cases), respectively; 150/229 Down syndrome (65.8%) were livebirths. Concerning the syndromic cases, the detection rate of deletion 22q11, situs anomalies and VATER association was 44.4%, 64.7% and 46.6%, respectively. In conclusion, the present study shows large regional variations in the prenatal detection rate of CHD with the highest rates in European regions with three screening scans. Prenatal diagnosis of CHD is significantly higher if associated malformations are present. Cardiac defects affecting the size of the ventricles have the highest detection rate. Mean gestational age at discovery was 20-24 weeks for the majority of associated cardiac defects.

Jumping Jack Flash.

A 38-year-old woman presented with blurred vision and "jumping" of the right eye for 7 months. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head was normal. Intermittent intorsion of the right eye was noted on examination, consistent with superior oblique myokymia. She was initially treated with carbamazepine but stopped after becoming light-headed. The diagnosis and treatment of superior oblique myokymia are discussed.

Paediatric bi-ventricular external assist device based on artificial muscles

Objective: Existing VADs are single-ventricle pumps needing anticoagulation. We developed a bi ventricular external assist device that reproduces the physiological heart muscle movement completely avoiding anticoagulants. Methods: The device has a carbon fibre skeleton fitting a 30-40 kg patient's heart, to which a Nitinol based artificial muscle is connected. The artificial muscle wraps both ventricles. The strength of the Nitinol fibres is amplified by a pivot articulation in contact with the ventricle wall. The fibres are electrically driven and a dedicated control unit has been developed. We assessed hemodynamic performances of this device using a previously described dedicated bench test. Volume ejected and pressure gradient has been measured with afterload ranging from 25 to 50mmHg. Results: With anafterload of 50mmHg the system has an ejection fraction (EF) of 10% on the right side and 8% on the left side. The system is able to generate a systolic ejection of 5,5 ml on the right side and 4,4 ml on the left side. With anafterload of 25mmHg the results are reduced of about 20%. The activation frequency is 80/minute resulting in a total volume displacement of 440 ml/minute on the right side and 352 ml/minute on the left side. Conclusions: The artificial muscle follows Starling's law as the ejected volume increases when afterload increases. These preliminary studies confirmed the possibility of improving the EF of a failing heart using artificial muscle for external cardiac compression. This device could be helpful in weaning CPB and/or for short-term cardio-circulatory support in paediatric population with cardiac failure.

Hématome des muscles ilio-psoas: rappel des éléments diagnostiques

Introduction: La survenue d'une hémorragie dans les muscles iliopsoasconstitue une pathologie grave, dont le diagnostic est souventtardif et grevé d'une morbidité importante. Sa présentation cliniquedoit être reconnue précocement, en particulier par les médecins depremier recours.Cas clinique: Un patient de 65 ans est admis aux urgences en raisonde douleurs invalidantes de la jambe droite, prédominant sur la faceantérieure de la cuisse. Les douleurs irradient dans le pli inguinal, leflanc, la région lombaire, ainsi que la hanche droite. Elles sont associéesà une parésie du quadriceps droit. Le patient a bénéficié en2006 d'un remplacement de valve aortique, avec implantation d'unevalve mécanique motivant une anticoagulation par acenocoumarol.Il présente par ailleurs une parésie sur le territoire du nerf sciatiquedroit, après fracture du bassin en 1970. Le diagnostic est évoqué auvu d'une antioagulation supra-thérapeutique (INR 5).Un CT-scan de l'abdomen confirmera un important hématome(11 x 7 cm) du muscle iliaque droit (fig. 1) qui sera drainé chirurgicalement,après réversion partielle de la crase, permettant une évolutionfavorable.Discussion: Les hématomes des muscles ilio-psoas surviennentclassiquement de manière spontanée. Les symptômes sont peu spécifiques,à type de douleurs diffuses abdominales, lombaires ou crurales,de paresthésies, de limitation fonctionnelle ou de chute isoléede l'hémoglobine (Hb). Les patients sous anticoagulants (héparine,acenocoumarol) ou présentant des troubles de la coagulation (hémophilie,thrombopathie, maladie de von Willebrand) sont particulièrementà risque. Les complications sont fréquentes: compressions dunerf fémoral (avec hypoesthésie, parésie du quadriceps ou abolitiondu réflexe rotulien), anémie, état de choc. Le traitement implique lacorrection des troubles de la coagulation, ainsi qu'un suivi clinique,radiologique et biologique (Hb) régulier. Le traitement conservateurest proposé lors d'hématome de petite taille, si le patient est stable etpeu symptomatique. Dans les autres cas, un drainage chirurgical parvoie ouverte ou par voie percutanée est recommandé. L'embolisationartérielle s'affiche comme une future option thérapeutique.Conclusions: Ce cas illustre les différents éléments cliniques etbiologiques qui orientent précocement vers le diagnostic d'hématomedes muscles ilio-psoas. Il devrait favoriser l'évocation d'une pathologierare, permettant de garantir un diagnostic précoce.

Prediction in forensic science: a critical examination of common understandings

In this commentary, we argue that the term 'prediction' is overly used when in fact, referring to foundational writings of de Finetti, the correspondent term should be inference. In particular, we intend (i) to summarize and clarify relevant subject matter on prediction from established statistical theory, and (ii) point out the logic of this understanding with respect practical uses of the term prediction. Written from an interdisciplinary perspective, associating statistics and forensic science as an example, this discussion also connects to related fields such as medical diagnosis and other areas of application where reasoning based on scientific results is practiced in societal relevant contexts. This includes forensic psychology that uses prediction as part of its vocabulary when dealing with matters that arise in the course of legal proceedings.