Intravenous Lacosamide for Treatment of Status Epilepticus after Failing First-Line Therapy

Rationale: Treatment of status epilepticus (SE) usually requires intravenous anticonvulsant therapy. Although there are established drugs of first choice for its treatment, potentially hazardous side effects of these agents are not uncommon. Lacosamide (LCM) is a novel anticonvulsant drug that is available as infusion solution. LCM could be an alternative for treatment of SE when the standard drugs fail or should be avoided. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients from the hospital databases of two German and one Swiss neurological departments (University Hospital Marburg, Klinikum Osnabrueck, University Hospital Lausanne) between September 1st 2008 and May 22nd 2009 who were admitted because of SE and received at least one dose of intravenous LCM for treatment of SE. Results: Seventeen patients (11 female, 6 male) were identified. Median age was 71 years. 3 patients suffered from generalized convulsive SE, 8 patients had significant reduction of awareness with or without subtle motor symptoms, 6 patients had a simple focal status without relevant reduction of awareness. Etiology was acute symptomatic in 5 patients, remote symptomatic without pre-existing epilepsy in 6 patients, remote symptomatic and pre-existing epilepsy in 5 patients, and unknown in 1 patient. LCM was administered after failure of first line therapy in all cases. The first LCM bolus was 400mg in 13 patients and 200mg in 4 patients. LCM administration stopped SE in 7 patients. In 2 of them, LCM was administered immediately after benzodiazepine administration, in the others after failure of benzodiazepines and other first-line and/or second-line drugs. In 3 patients, SE was terminated by other anticonvulsants like Phenytoin, Phenobarbital or Oxcarbazepine. In 5 patients, SE could only be terminated by intubation and application of high-dose Midazolam, Propofol and/or Thiopental. In 2 patients, SE could not be terminated in spite of high doses of barbiturates. There was no serious adverse event documented that could possibly be attributed to LCM Conclusions: Intravenous LCM may be an alternative treatment for SE after failure of benzodiazepins and other established drugs, or when such agents are considered unsuitable.

Characterization of cell-to-cell signaling-deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains colonizing intubated patients.

Cell-to-cell signaling involving N-acyl-homoserine lactone compounds termed autoinducers (AIs) is instrumental to virulence factor production and biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In order to determine the importance of cell-to-cell signaling during the colonization of mechanically ventilated patients, we collected 442 P. aeruginosa pulmonary isolates from 13 patients. Phenotypic characterization showed that 81% of these isolates produced the AI-dependent virulence factors elastase, protease, and rhamnolipids. We identified nine genotypically distinct P. aeruginosa strains. Six of these strains produced AIs [N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone or N-(3-oxo-dodecanoyl)-homoserine lactone] and extracellular virulence factors (elastase, total exoprotease, rhamnolipid, hydrogen cyanide, or pyocyanin) in vitro. Three of the nine strains were defective in the production of both AIs and extracellular virulence factors. Two of these strains had mutational defects in both the lasR and rhlR genes, which encode the N-acyl-homoserine lactone-dependent transcriptional regulators LasR and RhlR, respectively. The third of these AI-deficient strains was only mutated in the lasR gene. Our observations suggest that most, but not all, strains colonizing intubated patients are able to produce virulence factors and that mutations affecting the cell-to-cell signaling circuit are preferentially located in the transcriptional regulator genes.

Safety of combined heat and moisture exchanger filters in long-term mechanical ventilation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of a combined heat and moisture exchanger filter (HMEF) for the conditioning of inspired gas in long-term mechanical ventilation (MV). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Medical ICU in a large teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred fifteen consecutive patients who required > or = 48 h of MV. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized at intubation time (day 1) to receive inspired gas conditioned either by a water-bath humidifier heated at 32 degrees C (HWBH) or by an HMEF (Hygroster; DAR; Mirandola, Italy). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The two study groups were comparable in terms of primary pathologic condition at the time of hospital admission, disease severity as measured by the Simplified Acute Physiology Score, and ICU mortality. They did not differ with respect to ventilator days per patient (mean +/- SD: HMEF, 7.6 +/- 6.5; HWBH, 7.8 +/- 5.8), incidence of endotracheal tube obstruction (HMEF, 0/59; HWBH, 1/56), and incidence of hypothermic episodes (HMEF, five; HWBH, two). In 41 patients receiving MV for > or = 5 days, the morphologic integrity of respiratory epithelium was evaluated on day 1 and day 5, using a cytologic examination of tracheal aspirate smears. The state of ciliated epithelium was scored on a scale from 0 (poorest integrity) to 1,200 (maximum integrity), according to a well-described method. In both patient groups, the scores slightly but significantly decreased from day 1 to day 5 (mean +/- SD: HWBH, from 787 +/- 104 to 745 +/- 88; HMEF, from 813 +/- 79 to 739 +/- 62; p < 0.01 for both groups); there were no statistically significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate acceptable safety of HMEFs of the type used in the present study for long-term mechanical ventilation.

Prédictibilité, incidence et prise en charge chez 3600 patients adultes et pédiatriques anesthésiés hors du bloc opératoire en 2010

L'intubation endotrachéale reste la méthode de premier choix pour assurer la ventilation et la protection des voies aériennes supérieures. Ce geste fait partie intégrante du savoir-faire des équipes d'anesthésiologie, dans un contexte de chirurgie élective, de réanimation ou de soins intensifs. En règle générale, l'intubation s'avère rapide, sûre et efficace. Un apprentissage et une pratique régulière sont néanmoins nécessaires pour acquérir et maintenir les habilités requises pour gérer les situations standards et d'urgences usuelles, et pour minimiser le risque de complication, notamment iatrogènes. De nombreuses techniques ont été conçues pour faciliter l'intubation ou palier aux éventuelles difficultés. De nouveaux outils ne cessent d'être mis au point. La place qu'ils seront amenés à prendre dans la pratique quotidienne reste à définir. Ils font néanmoins désormais partie du paysage anesthésique. Il existe un certain nombre de conditions morphologiques ou pathologiques qui peuvent entraver l'intubation et risquer de converger pour aboutir à une situation d'intubation difficile. Afin de minimiser les risques de prise en charge des voies aériennes, il importe de détecter ces conditions et de pouvoir s'y adapter, notamment par le choix d'un matériel et d'un protocole adaptés. Les voies aériennes difficiles représentent en ce sens une interaction complexe entre les facteurs propres au patient, le contexte clinique et les capacités de l'anesthésiste. Les intubations trachéales difficiles restent une source majeure de morbidité et de mortalité dans la pratique clinique, particulièrement lorsqu'elles ne sont pas anticipées et dans les situations d'urgence. Même si la pharmacologie, les méthodes de travail et les moyens techniques ont évolués et garantissent une meilleure gestion du risque et une meilleure prise en charge des situations complexes, la gestion des voies aériennes et la prédiction des voies aériennes difficiles restent un défi central de la prise en charge anesthésiologique. La gestion des voies aériennes difficiles reste donc une composante importante de la pratique anesthésique, de part l'incidence d'événements potentiellement graves pour le patient qu'elle génère. La nécessité d'évaluer le risque d'ID est désormais ancrée dans les préceptes de la prise en charge anesthésique. Lors de l'évaluation préopératoire, le dépistage des facteurs de risque d'ID doit être systématique et correctement documenté. L'anticipation d'un risque trop élevé ou d'une situation potentiellement compliquée permet d'adapter sa planification, de compléter les examens préopératoires, d'orienter le choix de la technique et de se préparer à pouvoir répondre de manière rapide et efficace à une situation urgente. Même si les situations d'ID ne pourront probablement jamais êtres toutes anticipées, il importe donc de définir les facteurs de risque significatifs et de les intégrer dans la prise en charge des voies aériennes. L'accent a notamment été mis sur la recherche de critères prédictifs efficaces. Ces stratégies ont toutes pour but de stratifier le risque de difficultés intubatoires afin de minimiser l'incidence d'événements délétères, par une préparation optimale et la prise en charge adéquate des situations difficiles. L'absence de recommandations internationales standardisées d'identification et de prise en charge de l'ID sont principalement liées à l'absence de définitions standardisées, au manque de critères suffisamment sensibles et spécifiques, au caractère subjectif de certains critères cliniques utilisés et à la kyrielle de techniques et d'outils alternatifs à l'intubation orotrachéale laryngoscopique standard à disposition. Aucune anomalie anatomo-pathologique usuelle ni aucune de leurs combinaisons n'est strictement associée à l'intubation difficile. Certains examens sont en outre difficilement justifiables pour une consultation pré-anesthésique usuelle. Dans le cadre de cette problématique, l'objectif fondamental de ce travail est de participer à l'amélioration la prédictibilité de l'intubation difficile dans la pratique anesthésique. L'étude portera sur l'analyse rétrospective de dossiers anesthésiques de 3600 patients, adultes et pédiatriques, pris en charge par le service d'anesthésiologie dans le secteur hors bloc opératoire au CHUV, entre le 1er janvier et le 31 décembre 2010. L'analyse des résultats devrait permettre de déterminer l'incidence et le taux de prédictibilité de l'intubation difficile prévue et non prévue, ainsi que de citer les techniques actuelles de prise en charge dans une institution hospitalière universitaire telle que le CHUV. Un analyse critique des stratégies de prédiction employées, de leur mise en pratique et des techniques de travail privilégiées dans la prise en charge des situations d'intubations difficiles pourrait permettre l'élaboration de pistes réflexives dans le but de les optimiser et d'améliorer la prise en charge du patient et la gestion du risque anesthésique. Cette étude pourrait déboucher sur la proposition d'un score simple de prédiction de l'intubation difficile à intégrer sur la feuille de consultation pré- anesthésique. Le but est est d'améliorer les recommandations de prise en charge préopératoire et d'améliorer la transmission interprofessionnelle des informations liées aux voies aériennes, afin de minimiser le risque d'intubation difficile non prévue ainsi que l'incidence et la sévérité des complications liées aux ID.

Devenir à long terme des patients intubés pour état de mal asthmatique [Late outcome after life-threatening asthma]

Pour connaître le devenir à long terme des patients intubés pour état de mal asthmatique, nous avons recontacté en 1990 les 34 patients qui avaient présenté, entre 1978 et 1988, quarante épisodes de détresse respiratoire aiguë. Deux patients sont vivants mais ont été perdus de vue, 3 sont morts dont un seul d'état de mal asthmatique 6 mois après l'épisode initial. Des 29 patients restants (7 hommes et 22 femmes, âge moyen de 48,5 ans) représentant un suivi moyen de 9,6 ans, quinze n'ont jamais été réhospitalisés; des 14 autres, seuls 5 ont requis une intubation et une ventilation mécanique lors d'un épiode ultérieur. La majorité des hospitalisations ultérieures (81%) sont survenues dans les 6 ans suivant l'épiode initial

Clinically silent subdural hemorrhage causes bilateral vocal fold paralysis in newborn infant.

Bilateral congenital vocal fold paralysis (BVFP) may result from multiple etiologies or remain idiopathic when no real cause can be identified. If obstructive dyspnea is significant and requires urgent stabilization of the airway, then intubation is performed first and an MRI of the brain is conducted to rule out an Arnold-Chiari malformation that can benefit from a shunt procedure and thus alleviate the need for a tracheostomy. Clinically silent subdural hemorrhage without any birth trauma represents another cause of neonatal BVFP that resolves spontaneously within a month. It is of clinical relevance to recognize this potential cause of BVFP as its short duration may alleviate the need for a tracheostomy. In this article, we present such a case and review the literature to draw the otolaryngologist's attention to this possible etiology.

Helicopter rescue operations involving winching of an emergency physician.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the epidemiologic and medical aspects of alpine helicopter rescue operations involving the winching of an emergency physician to the victim. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and operational reports of a single helicopter-based emergency medical service. Data from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2008 were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 921 patients were identified, with a male:female ratio of 2:1. There were 56 (6%) patients aged 15 or under. The median time from emergency call to helicopter take-off was 7 min (IQR = 5-10 min). 840 (91%) patients suffered from trauma-related injuries, with falls from heights during sports activities the most frequent event. The most common injuries involved the legs (246 or 27%), head (175 or 19%), upper limbs (117 or 13%), spine (108 or 12%), and femur (66 or 7%). Only 81 (9%) victims suffered from a medical emergency, but these cases were, when compared to the trauma victims, significantly more severe according to the NACA index (p<0.001). Overall, 246 (27%) patients had a severe injury or illness, namely, a potential or overt vital threat (NACA score between 4 and 6). A total of 478 (52%) patients required administration of major analgesics: fentanyl (443 patients or 48%), ketamine (42 patients or 5%) or morphine (7 patients or 1%). The mean dose of fentanyl was 188 micrograms (range 25-750, SD 127). Major medical interventions such as administration of vasoactive drugs, intravenous perfusions of more than 1000 ml of fluids, ventilation or intubation were performed on 39 (4%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of the patients' injuries or illnesses along with the high proportion of medical procedures performed directly on-site validates emergency physician winching for advanced life support procedures and analgesia.

Role of MyD88 and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the sensing of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae.

Parachlamydia acanthamoebae is a Chlamydia-related organism whose pathogenic role in pneumonia is supported by serological and molecular clinical studies and an experimental mouse model of lung infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a seminal role in sensing microbial products and initiating innate immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of MyD88, TLR2, and TLR4 in the interaction of Parachlamydia with macrophages. Here, we showed that Parachlamydia entered bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) in a TLR-independent manner but did not multiply intracellularly. Interestingly, compared to live bacteria, heat-inactivated Parachlamydia induced the production of substantial amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12p40 by BMDMs and of TNF and IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages as well as RAW 264.7 and J774 macrophage cell lines. Cytokine production by BMDMs, which was partially inhibited upon trypsin treatment of Parachlamydia, was dependent on MyD88, TLR4, and, to a lesser extent, TLR2. Finally, MyD88(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2(-/-) mice were as resistant as wild-type mice to lung infection following the intratracheal instillation of Parachlamydia. Thus, in contrast to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae weakly stimulates macrophages, potentially compensating for its low replication capacity in macrophages by escaping the innate immune surveillance.

Helicopter rescue involving the winching of a physician.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to study the operational and medical aspects of helicopter rescue missions involving the use of a winch.¦SETTING: A single helicopter-based medical service of a pre-alpine region of Switzerland.¦METHODS: We prospectively studied consecutive primary rescue interventions involving winching of a physician, from October 1, 1998 to October 1, 2002. Demographic, medical and operational aspects as well as outcome at 48 hours were analyzed.¦RESULTS: We included 133 patients. Most (74%) were male, with traumatic injuries (77%). The median scene time of the nine severely injured patients (Injury Severity Scale [ISS] > 15) was significantly longer compared with the other patients (54 vs 37 minutes; P < .05). The main medical procedures performed were orotracheal intubation (n = 5), fracture reductions (n = 5), major analgesia with sedation (n = 4), and intravenous fluid administration of more than 1,500 mL (n = 4). Fourteen (10%) patients suffering from minor injuries were triaged by the physician and not airlifted to the hospital. All 133 patients were alive at 48 hours. Sixty-nine (52%) were still hospitalized. No secondary interhospital transfer was required.¦CONCLUSION: Our study provides a better knowledge of injury profile, medical aspects, and outcomes of patients rescued necessitating a winching procedure.

Pneumocystis-carinii-Pneumonie bei Säuglingen mit vertikaler HIV-Infektion in der Schweiz [Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants with vertically acquired HIV infection in Switzerland]

OBJECTIVE: Review of incidence, clinical picture, therapy, and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in infants with vertically-acquired HIV infection in Switzerland. METHODS: Inquiry among members of the Swiss Pediatrics AIDS Group, review of the data base of the Swiss Neonatal HIV Study and retrospective analysis of the charts from infants with PCP. RESULTS: Since 1986 PCP has been diagnosed in 10 out of 107 infants with vertically-acquired HIV infection. PCP occurred in 7 infants at the age of 3-6 months and in 3 at the age of 9-11 months. 4 infants showed symptoms related to HIV infection before developing PCP. Before the development of PCP, infection with HIV had been ascertained in 6 infants. In 2 the diagnosis was still unclear and in the 2 remaining the risk of HIV infection was not known. None of the infants was on primary prophylaxis against PCP. Signs and symptoms of PCP included cough and tachypnea (100%) as well as high fever up to 40 degrees C (90%). Transcutaneous oxygen saturation was 70-95%. Chest X-rays revealed interstitial infiltrates in 6 infants, localized infiltrates in 2 and interstitial as well as localized infiltrates in 2. The CD4+ cell count was, with one exception, < 1500/microliters, i.e. below the normal value for age. Side effects of high dose cotrimoxazole were noted in 6 patients. 5 infants required intubation and mechanical ventilation. 4 infants died due to PCP, including 3 of those who required intubation and mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: PCP in infants with vertically-acquired HIV infection preferentially occurs at the age of 3 to 6 months and is often lethal, especially in patients requiring intubation. Evaluation for HIV infection should be done as early as possible in order to introduce primary PCP prophylaxis in infants at risk for this opportunistic infection.

L'agitation postopératoire en salle de réveil

L'agitation postopératoire chez les patients adultes dans les premières heures après le réveil¦est un domaine peu étudié. Nous avons effectué des recherches pour trouver des études¦concernant l'agitation postopératoire sur Pubmed pour les 10 dernières années. Les termes de¦recherche étaient agitation, emergence delirium, facteurs de risques (anglais : risk factors),¦agitation treatment, Riker scale. Ceci n'a permis de trouver que 2 études à propos de ce sujet.¦Pourtant, elle concerne environ 5% (1) (2) des patients adultes opérés, ce qui n'est pas¦négligeable.¦En effet, elle peut avoir de sérieuses conséquences en terme de lésions des patients¦(arrachement de cathéter, de tube d'intubation) ou du personnel soignant, ainsi qu'en terme de¦coûts occasionnés par les différentes complications.¦Selon l'étude de Lepousé (1) et l'étude de Radtke (2), certains facteurs seraient déterminants¦dans la survenue de l'agitation postopératoire, dont quelques-uns sont évitables.¦Dans l'étude observationnelle prospective de Radtke (2), il a déjà été démontré que l'âge était¦en lien avec l'agitation postopératoire. Les tranches d'âge les plus à risque sont : les moins de¦40 ans (18-39 ans) (OR=2.1, CI=1.1-3.8, p=0.02) et les plus de 64 ans (OR=2.1, CI=1.1-3.4,¦p=0.02). Les études de Lepousé (1) et de Radtke (2) ont montré que la prémédication par¦benzodiazépines pourrait aussi être un facteur de risque (Lepousé (1): CI=1.1-3.3, p=0.02)¦(Radtke (2): OR=2.4, CI=1.0-5.6, p≤0.05). L'intensité de la douleur est également liée à la¦survenue d'une agitation postopératoire (OR=1.8, CI=1.0-3.0, p<0.04) (2). D'autres facteurs¦comme certains médicaments utilisés lors de l'anesthésie (l'étomidate) (2), le type de¦chirurgie [abdominale (1) (2), musculosquelettique (2), de la tête et du cou(2), de la¦poitrine(1)] seraient en lien avec la survenue d'une agitation postopératoire.¦4¦Il restait toutefois beaucoup de facteurs dont la relation avec l'agitation postopératoire n'avait¦pas été évaluée ou dont l'étude n'a pas eu de résultat significatif [par exemple, les¦benzodiazépines à long terme (1), ou l'anesthésie locorégionale(2)].¦Le but de cette étude était premièrement de déterminer si la fréquence de l'agitation¦postopératoire dans la population prise en compte ici est comparable à celle observée dans les¦études de Radtke et de Lepousé.¦Ensuite il s'agissait d'identifier, lors d'agitation postopératoire chez des patients adultes,¦parmi certains facteurs possibles, ceux pouvant être en lien avec l'agitation postopératoire, et¦s'ils étaient similaires à ceux retrouvés dans les études déjà publiées.¦Les comorbidités sont un de ces facteurs. La dose de benzodiazépines dans les 24 heures¦précédent l'intervention, ainsi que les benzodiazépines en médication chronique, par un effet¦paradoxal, pourraient être en lien avec un état d'agitation. Dans le même ordre d'idée, nous¦avons comparé le type d'anesthésie utilisé, locorégionale versus générale ou combinée, avec¦la survenue de cet état. Nous nous sommes aussi penchés sur la dose intraopératoire totale¦d'opioïdes et l'administration intraopératoire d'atropine, médicaments largement utilisés lors¦des interventions, et qui seraient des facteurs modifiables si une relation avec l'agitation était¦démontrée. Enfin, l'hypotension intraopératoire provoquant une hypoperfusion cérébrale¦relative pourrait être liée à la survenue d'une agitation postopératoire.¦Nous avons également observé d'autres variables, comme l'intensité de la douleur, déjà¦démontrée comme étant en rapport avec l'agitation postopératoire, et l'hypoxie¦intraopératoire, qui pourrait favoriser une hypoxie cérébrale, et par là une agitation.¦Enfin, nous avons cherché s'il existe un lien entre la survenue d'une agitation postopératoire¦et d'un état confusionnel postopératoire, c'est-à-dire se développant dans la semaine suivant¦l'opération, une question qui n'avait pas encore été étudiée.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus with congenital heart block and severe heart failure due to myocarditis and endocardititis of the mitral valve.

We report a case of neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) with congenital heart block and severe myocardial failure, which was followed from the 25th week of gestation because of fetal bradycardia. The child was delivered at the 37th week of gestation by elective cesarean section because of echocardiographically documented heart enlargement, pericardial effusion and moderate insufficiency of the mitral and tricuspid valves. In spite of immediate pacing, intubation and supportive treatment, the newborn developed progressive heart failure. Echocardiography showed endocarditis of the mitral valve and diffuse myocarditis. The heart failure resolved under steroid treatment. Our experience supports the early use of steroids in treating myocarditis due to NLE. Intrauterine steroid treatment in the presence of fetal hydrops and congenital heart block is discussed.

Krikothyreotomie mit dem "Quicktrach"-Koniotomiebesteck [Cricothyreotomy using the Quicktrach coniotomy instrument set].

Percutaneous cricothyroidotomy may be a lifesaving procedure for airway obstruction, which cannot be relieved by endotracheal intubation and can be performed with specially designed instruments. A new device, the "Quicktrach", was evaluated by an anatomical preparation, flow and resistance measurements, and puncture of the cricothyroid membrane in 55 corpses. The size of the parts of the instrument (needle, plastic cannula, depth gauge) in relation to the size of the larynx is adequate, thus there is little likelihood of perforation of the posterior wall of the larynx. Resistance of the plastic cannula is sufficiently low to allow for adequate ventilation. The duration of time until the cannula is positioned properly in the trachea is significantly shorter, when an incision prior to the puncture is done (83 +/- 88 seconds without incision versus 35 +/- 41 seconds with incision; mean +/- SD). The "Quicktrach" is easy to apply even by inexperienced persons. The incidence of damage to the larynx (lesions including fractures of the thyroid, cricoid and 1. tracheal cartilage in 18%; soft tissue injury in 9%) is relatively high, however considering the live saving character of the procedure these numbers appear to be acceptable. Technical problems which occur with the use of the device are discussed and suggestions for improvement are made.

Continuous positive airway pressure causes lung injury in a model of sepsis.

Continuous positive airway pressure, aimed at preventing pulmonary atelectasis, has been used for decades to reduce lung injury in critically ill patients. In neonatal practice, it is increasingly used worldwide as a primary form of respiratory support due to its low cost and because it reduces the need for endotracheal intubation and conventional mechanical ventilation. We studied the anesthetized in vivo rat and determined the optimal circuit design for delivery of continuous positive airway pressure. We investigated the effects of continuous positive airway pressure following lipopolysaccharide administration in the anesthetized rat. Whereas neither continuous positive airway pressure nor lipopolysaccharide alone caused lung injury, continuous positive airway pressure applied following intravenous lipopolysaccharide resulted in increased microvascular permeability, elevated cytokine protein and mRNA production, and impaired static compliance. A dose-response relationship was demonstrated whereby higher levels of continuous positive airway pressure (up to 6 cmH(2)O) caused greater lung injury. Lung injury was attenuated by pretreatment with dexamethasone. These data demonstrate that despite optimal circuit design, continuous positive airway pressure causes significant lung injury (proportional to the airway pressure) in the setting of circulating lipopolysaccharide. Although we would currently avoid direct extrapolation of these findings to clinical practice, we believe that in the context of increasing clinical use, these data are grounds for concern and warrant further investigation.

A 3-step therapeutic strategy for severe alveolar proteinosis.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material in the terminal airways. Whole lung lavage (WLL) remains the gold standard treatment but may be particularly challenging in cases of severe hypoxemia. We present a 3-step strategy that was used in a patient with PAP-associated refractory hypoxemia and that combined venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vvECMO), double-lumen orotracheal intubation, and bilateral multisegmental sequential lavage (MSL). The procedure was well tolerated and permitted weaning from the ventilator.