Influence of counselor characteristics and behaviors on the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking in young men-a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Brief motivational intervention (BMI) has shown promising results to reduce alcohol use in young adults. Knowledge on mechanisms that predict BMI efficacy could potentially improve treatment effect sizes through data that optimize clinical training and implementation. Particularly, little attention has been given to counselor influence on treatment mechanisms. METHODS: We investigated the influence of counselors on BMI efficacy in reducing alcohol use among non-treatment-seeking young men (age 20) screened as hazardous drinkers. Participants were randomly allocated to (i) a group receiving a single BMI from 1 of 18 counselors selected to maximize differences in several of their characteristics (gender, professional status, clinical experience, and motivational interviewing [MI] experience) or (ii) a control group receiving assessment only. Drinking at 3-month follow-up was first compared between the BMI and control groups to assess efficacy. Then, the influence of counselors' characteristics (i.e., gender, professional status, clinical experience, MI experience, BMI attitudes, and expectancies) and within-session behaviors (i.e., measured by the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code) on outcome was tested in regression analyses. RESULTS: There was a significant (p = 0.02) decrease in alcohol use among the BMI group compared to the control group. Counselors that were male, more experienced, that had more favorable BMI attitudes and expectancies, higher MI skills, but surprisingly less MI-consistent behaviors, had significantly better outcomes than the control group while their counterparts did not. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated BMI efficacy on alcohol use reduction within a sample of non-treatment-seeking young adult males. Moreover, BMI effect was related to interindividual differences among counselors, and results therefore provide recommendations for BMI training and implementation with similar populations.

Change in cognitive errors and coping over the course of brief psychodynamic intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive change over the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy has been postulated by several models, but has rarely been studied. Based on the adaptive skills model (Badgio, Halperin, & Barber, 1999), it is reasonable to expect that very brief dynamic psychotherapy may be associated with change in coping patterns and cognitive errors (also known as cognitive distortions) y. METHOD: N = 50 outpatients presenting with various psychiatric disorders and undergoing 4 sessions of Brief Psychodynamic Intervention (BPI; Despland, Drapeau, & de Roten, 2005; Despland, Michel, & de Roten, 2010) were included in this naturalistic study (mean age: 31 years; 56% female; all Caucasian). Cognitive errors and coping strategies were assessed using the Cognitive Errors Rating Scale (Drapeau et al., 2008) and Coping Patterns Rating Scale (Perry et al., 2005). These observer rated methods were applied to the verbatim transcriptions of all 4 therapy sessions completed by each patient. RESULTS: Results indicate change in both cognitive errors and coping patterns over the course of BPI, including an increase in the Overall Coping Functioning and a decrease in unhelpful coping processes, such as isolation, which reflects a shift in participant appraisal towards stress appraised as a challenge at the end of treatment. These changes predicted symptom change at the end of treatment. While cognitive errors also changed over the course of BPI, no predictive effect was found with regard to symptom change. CONCLUSIONS: These results are interpreted within the framework of common change principles in psychotherapy. Implications and future research are discussed.

The pattern and Loci of training-induced brain changes in healthy older adults are predicted by the nature of the intervention.

There is enormous interest in designing training methods for reducing cognitive decline in healthy older adults. Because it is impaired with aging, multitasking has often been targeted and has been shown to be malleable with appropriate training. Investigating the effects of cognitive training on functional brain activation might provide critical indication regarding the mechanisms that underlie those positive effects, as well as provide models for selecting appropriate training methods. The few studies that have looked at brain correlates of cognitive training indicate a variable pattern and location of brain changes - a result that might relate to differences in training formats. The goal of this study was to measure the neural substrates as a function of whether divided attentional training programs induced the use of alternative processes or whether it relied on repeated practice. Forty-eight older adults were randomly allocated to one of three training programs. In the SINGLE REPEATED training, participants practiced an alphanumeric equation and a visual detection task, each under focused attention. In the DIVIDED FIXED training, participants practiced combining verification and detection by divided attention, with equal attention allocated to both tasks. In the DIVIDED VARIABLE training, participants completed the task by divided attention, but were taught to vary the attentional priority allocated to each task. Brain activation was measured with fMRI pre- and post-training while completing each task individually and the two tasks combined. The three training programs resulted in markedly different brain changes. Practice on individual tasks in the SINGLE REPEATED training resulted in reduced brain activation whereas DIVIDED VARIABLE training resulted in a larger recruitment of the right superior and middle frontal gyrus, a region that has been involved in multitasking. The type of training is a critical factor in determining the pattern of brain activation.

Yingti/ruanti (hardware/software). La création d'un hall culturel hakka à Taiwan

Dans le cadre de la politique multiculturelle de protection des minorités menée par le gouvernement taïwanais, le Comité ministériel aux affaires hakka (keweihui) a planifié dix-huit « halls culturels hakkas » dans chaque comté et municipalité. L'article retrace le processus de création d'un de ces halls, dans le nord de l'île de Taiwan, au cours de la décennie 2000. L'aménagement du hall procède à l'incorporation d'artistes locaux dans une tradition nationale hakka réinventée. Il est montré comment sa genèse s'est produite à l'intersection d'une politique impulsée par « le haut » et d'un projet émanant d'acteurs locaux. L'article met en évidence comment les catégories yingti (hardware) et ruanti (software) président à sa fabrication et impliquent une opposition et une complémentarité entre « contenant » et « contenu », entre « État » et « société », qui agissent à toutes les étapes de sa mise en oeuvre.

Improving appropriateness of antibiotic therapy: randomized trial of an intervention to foster reassessment of prescription after 3 days.

OBJECTIVES: Reassessment of ongoing antibiotic therapy is an important step towards appropriate use of antibiotics. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a short questionnaire designed to encourage reassessment of intravenous antibiotic therapy after 3 days. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients hospitalized on the surgical and medical wards of a university hospital and treated with an intravenous antibiotic for 3-4 days were randomly allocated to either an intervention or control group. The intervention consisted of mailing to the physician in charge of the patient a three-item questionnaire referring to possible adaptation of the antibiotic therapy. The primary outcome was the time elapsed from randomization until a first modification of the initial intravenous antibiotic therapy. It was compared within both groups using Cox proportional-hazard modelling. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-six eligible patients were randomized in the intervention group and 125 in the control group. Time to modification of intravenous antibiotic therapy was 14% shorter in the intervention group (adjusted hazard ratio for modification 1.28, 95% CI 0.99-1.67, P = 0.06). It was significantly shorter in the intervention group compared with a similar group of 151 patients observed during a 2 month period preceding the study (adjusted hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.03-1.32, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a short questionnaire, easily adaptable to automatization, has the potential to foster reassessment of antibiotic therapy.

La justification par la foi et le défi culturel d'une nouvelle compréhension de la transcendance

(Résumé de l'ouvrage) L'apport fondamental de Jean Ansaldi pour la théologie n'est plus à démontrer. Ce livre réunit une vingtaine de spécialistes qui l'ont tous connu de près. Si pour Ansaldi, aucun savoir sur Dieu et sur l'homme n'est possible avant la rencontre entre un «je en perdition» et un «Christ en recherche de ma vie», cette rencontre n'a lieu que hors langage: on ne peut en parler qu'après coup, dans une langue toujours dépendante du contexte culturel. C'est une des raisons pour laquelle notre théologien s'est tant intéressé à la psychanalyse lacanienne. Il a su faire dialoguer ainsi éthique et psychanalyse de manière fructueuse. Dans ce livre chaque contribution développe, discute et prolonge des chantiers ouverts par lui. Ainsi une réflexion critique de François Vouga sur l'articulation supposée entre la maladie et le pêché, la foi et la guérison. Un débat proposé par Elian Cuvillier sur la question du mal, présent au coeur du monde. Une discussion sur le concept de Loi, qui désigne l'Autre et ne renvoie plus seulement à soi par Eric Fuchs ou encore un bel article de Pierre Bühler sur la place de l'humour laissé par la psychanalyse à l'éthique.

Socio-anthropologie et explication sociologique. Une réaction au texte de Laurence Podselver

(Résumé de l'ouvrage) Au travers d'une analyse socio-historique du rabbinat français, d'une enquête sur Sarcelles et d'un examen du mouvement néo-orthodoxe des Loubavitch, l'auteur brosse un tableau vivant du judaïsme contemporain et des modifications qui le traversent. Laurence Podselver apporte du même coup un éclairage sur les recompositions que connaît l'ensemble du champ religieux aujourd'hui: une affirmation de formes identitaires plus marquées venant se greffer sur l'axe de la sécularisation, de ses adaptations libérales et de ses reconstructions culturelles laïques

Lectures littéraires d'étudiant.e.s plurilingues et appropriations langagières

La présente thèse de doctorat s'inscrit dans le champ des recherches en didactique des langues et des cultures. Il s'agit d'une étude théorique et empirique qui s'interroge sur le rôle que la lecture littéraire joue dans l'appropriation langagière et culturelle d'individus adultes plurilingues, apprenant le français comme langue seconde et/ou étrangère en contexte universitaire. Dans la partie théorique, dans le droit fil d'une approche plurilingue et pluriculturelle, la lecture est considérée comme une pratique littératiée, c'est-à-dire une pratique langagière contextualisée relative au langage écrit. La littérature, quant à elle, est définie comme un ensemble de discours faisant l'objet de représentations sociales et auxquels sont attribuées des valeurs symboliques. L'appropriation langagière et culturelle, considérée dans une perspective socio-discursive, est liée aux notions d'identités multiples, de représentations et de subjectivité. En conformité avec le champ des recherches en didactique des littératures, en outre, la lecture littéraire est définie comme une manière particulière de lire des textes. Elle varie selon les contextes et les tâches requises, selon les postures que les lecteurs adoptent (ce qui permet de définir différents types de lecture) et selon les compétences que ces lecteurs mettent en oeuvre pour comprendre et pour interpréter les textes (les modes de lecture). La partie empirique consiste en une analyse qualitative et compréhensive de témoignages recueillis auprès de dix étudiants universitaires (neuf femmes et un homme) interrogés à plusieurs reprises par oral et par écrit et observés en classe. L'analyse porte à la fois sur la forme et sur les contenus des discours. Il s'agit d'appréhender la manière dont les participants décrivent leurs pratiques de lecture, reconfigurent leurs identités multiples de lecteurs et de locuteurs plurilingues selon différents contextes et construisent leurs représentations sur la lecture, la langue, la littérature et l'apprentissage. Dans la partie didactique conclusive, en se basant sur les analyses effectuées et en reprenant le cadre théorique, il est procédé à une conceptualisation de la lecture littéraire plurilingue. Les répartitions traditionnelles entre modes et types de lecture sont reconsidérées en observant des oppositions scalaires complexes entre les différents modes et les différents types. Dès lors, il est possible de théoriser les notions de lecture- capital et de lecture-plaisir comme deux types de lecture, conformes aux descriptions des participants, pouvant devenir des objectifs d'apprentissage en contexte de classe. Ces types de lecture se lient en effet à deux actions indispensables en vue de déclencher le processus d'appropriation : l'investissement et l'engagement. Les étudiants, par ailleurs, montrent qu'ils disposent d'un répertoire langagier et culturel pluriel et commun à toutes leurs langues et qu'ils mobilisent des ressources linguistiques et symboliques pour s'approprier les nouveaux textes qu'ils lisent. Par conséquent, conformément aux études relatives à la compétence plurilingue et pluriculturelle, on peut constater que le lecteur plurilingue effectue des transferts et des renvois au sein de l'ensemble de ses langues. La thèse se termine avec une ouverture sur des pistes pédagogiques qui prennent en compte les pratiques de lecture et les représentations observées : les approches les plus adaptées à une didactique de la lecture littéraire et de la littérature s'adressant à des lecteurs-acteurs plurilingues se révèlent être des approches plurielles, plurilingues et intégrées.

Reduction of alcohol consumption by brief alcohol intervention in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Numerous trials of the efficacy of brief alcohol intervention have been conducted in various settings among individuals with a wide range of alcohol disorders. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the intervention is likely to be influenced by the context. We evaluated the evidence of efficacy of brief alcohol interventions aimed at reducing long-term alcohol use and related harm in individuals attending primary care facilities but not seeking help for alcohol-related problems. METHODS: We selected randomized trials reporting at least 1 outcome related to alcohol consumption conducted in outpatients who were actively attending primary care centers or seeing providers. Data sources were the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, ETOH database, and bibliographies of retrieved references and previous reviews. Study selection and data abstraction were performed independently and in duplicate. We assessed the validity of the studies and performed a meta-analysis of studies reporting alcohol consumption at 6 or 12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: We examined 19 trials that included 5639 individuals. Seventeen trials reported a measure of alcohol consumption, of which 8 reported a significant effect of intervention. The adjusted intention-to-treat analysis showed a mean pooled difference of -38 g of ethanol (approximately 4 drinks) per week (95% confidence interval, -51 to -24 g/wk) in favor of the brief alcohol intervention group. Evidence of other outcome measures was inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Focusing on patients in primary care, our systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that brief alcohol intervention is effective in reducing alcohol consumption at 6 and 12 months.

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

Objective:We investigated to what extent changes in metabolic rate and composition of weight loss explained the less-than-expected weight loss in obese men and women during a diet-plus-exercise intervention.Design:In all, 16 obese men and women (41±9 years; body mass index (BMI) 39±6 kg m(-2)) were investigated in energy balance before, after and twice during a 12-week very-low-energy diet(565-650 kcal per day) plus exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) intervention. The relative energy deficit (EDef) from baseline requirements was severe (74%-87%). Body composition was measured by deuterium dilution and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were converted into energy equivalents using constants 9.45 kcal per g FM and 1.13 kcal per g FFM. Predicted weight loss was calculated from the EDef using the '7700 kcal kg(-1) rule'.Results:Changes in weight (-18.6±5.0 kg), FM (-15.5±4.3 kg) and FFM (-3.1±1.9 kg) did not differ between genders. Measured weight loss was on average 67% of the predicted value, but ranged from 39% to 94%. Relative EDef was correlated with the decrease in RMR (R=0.70, P<0.01), and the decrease in RMR correlated with the difference between actual and expected weight loss (R=0.51, P<0.01). Changes in metabolic rate explained on average 67% of the less-than-expected weight loss, and variability in the proportion of weight lost as FM accounted for a further 5%. On average, after adjustment for changes in metabolic rate and body composition of weight lost, actual weight loss reached 90% of the predicted values.Conclusion:Although weight loss was 33% lower than predicted at baseline from standard energy equivalents, the majority of this differential was explained by physiological variables. Although lower-than-expected weight loss is often attributed to incomplete adherence to prescribed interventions, the influence of baseline calculation errors and metabolic downregulation should not be discounted.