Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The SBP values to be achieved by antihypertensive therapy in order to maximize reduction of cardiovascular outcomes are unknown; neither is it clear whether in patients with a previous cardiovascular event, the optimal values are lower than in the low-to-moderate risk hypertensive patients, or a more cautious blood pressure (BP) reduction should be obtained. Because of the uncertainty whether 'the lower the better' or the 'J-curve' hypothesis is correct, the European Society of Hypertension and the Chinese Hypertension League have promoted a randomized trial comparing antihypertensive treatment strategies aiming at three different SBP targets in hypertensive patients with a recent stroke or transient ischaemic attack. As the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is also unknown in these patients, LDL-C-lowering has been included in the design. PROTOCOL DESIGN: The European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment trial is a prospective multinational, randomized trial with a 3 × 2 factorial design comparing: three different SBP targets (1, <145-135; 2, <135-125; 3, <125 mmHg); two different LDL-C targets (target A, 2.8-1.8; target B, <1.8 mmol/l). The trial is to be conducted on 7500 patients aged at least 65 years (2500 in Europe, 5000 in China) with hypertension and a stroke or transient ischaemic attack 1-6 months before randomization. Antihypertensive and statin treatments will be initiated or modified using suitable registered agents chosen by the investigators, in order to maintain patients within the randomized SBP and LDL-C windows. All patients will be followed up every 3 months for BP and every 6 months for LDL-C. Ambulatory BP will be measured yearly. OUTCOMES: Primary outcome is time to stroke (fatal and non-fatal). Important secondary outcomes are: time to first major cardiovascular event; cognitive decline (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and dementia. All major outcomes will be adjudicated by committees blind to randomized allocation. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board has open access to data and can recommend trial interruption for safety. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: It has been calculated that 925 patients would reach the primary outcome after a mean 4-year follow-up, and this should provide at least 80% power to detect a 25% stroke difference between SBP targets and a 20% difference between LDL-C targets.

Role of major histocompatibility complex class II expression by non-hematopoietic cells in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders: facts and fiction.

It is well established that interactions between CD4(+) T cells and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of hematopoietic origin play key roles in both the maintenance of tolerance and the initiation and development of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In sharp contrast, despite nearly three decades of intensive research, the functional relevance of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic tissue-resident cells has remained obscure. The widespread assumption that MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs has an impact on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has in most instances neither been confirmed nor excluded by indisputable in vivo data. Here we review and put into perspective conflicting in vitro and in vivo results on the putative impact of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs-in both target organs and secondary lymphoid tissues-on the initiation and development of representative autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Emphasis will be placed on the lacunar status of our knowledge in this field. We also discuss new mouse models-developed on the basis of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII expression-that constitute valuable tools for filling the severe gaps in our knowledge on the functions of non-hematopoietic APCs in inflammatory conditions.

Translittérations féeriques au Moyen Âge : de Mélior à Mélusine, entre histoire et fiction

Déjà le récit de Cupidon et Psyché dans l'Asinus aureus pose le problème du genre de cette histoire enchâssée, racontée par une vieille - est-ce un mythe ou une fable philosophique ? - et, par voie de conséquence, celui du statut même des dieux qui y interviennent. Qu'on voie dans Partenopeu de Blois un lointain avatar du récit d'Apulée, dans lequel la fée se substitue à Cupidon, ou qu'on le rattache au folklore (celtique), la question est sensiblement la même au XIIe siècle : les auteurs médiévaux croyaient-ils aux « êtres faés » ou ceux-ci étaient-ils à leurs yeux les acteurs imposés par le choix d'un certain univers fictionnel ? Si la critique est fondamentalement d'accord pour parler d'une « rationalisation » ou d'une « moralisation » de la fée, la démarche par laquelle l'écrivain médiéval adapte et actualise le matériau issu d'une tradition est susceptible de subtiles variations : la « réécriture » est chaque fois tributaire du projet d'écriture respectif, qu'il s'agisse de Partenopeu de Blois ou du lai de Guigemar de Marie de France. Au-delà du statut de la fée et de l'altérité qu'elle représente, c'est le statut même de la femme et du héros qui sont en cause, leur place et leur fonction au sein de la société féodale. La « translittération » de parcours narratifs stéréotypés, voire universaux, n'a ici rien à voir avec la récupération politique du folklore, transmis par voie orale, à laquelle s'attelle, quelque deux siècles plus tard, Jean d'Arras dans sa Mélusine : il extrait la légende de la fée poitevine du domaine de la fabula en inscrivant la merveille dans l'histoire, la région et l'expérience vécue pour légitimer les droits du duc de Berry sur Lusignan.