The European Respiratory Society spirometry tent: a unique form of screening for airway obstruction.

In order to raise public awareness of the importance of early detection of airway obstruction and to enable many people who had not been tested previously to have their lung function measured, the European Lung Foundation and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) organised a spirometry testing tent during the annual ERS Congresses in 2004-2009. Spirometry was performed during the ERS Congresses in volunteers; all participants answered a simple, brief questionnaire on their descriptive characteristics, smoking and asthma. Portable spirometers were freely provided by the manufacturer. Nurses and doctors from pulmonary departments of local hospitals/universities gave their service for free. Lower limit of normal (LLN) and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria for diagnosing and grading airway obstruction were used. Of 12,448 participants in six congress cities, 10,395 (83.5%) performed acceptable spirometry (mean age 51.0 ± 18.4 yrs; 25.5% smokers; 5.5% asthmatic). Airway obstruction was present in 12.4% of investigated subjects according to LLN criteria and 20.3% according to GOLD criteria. Through multinomial logistic regression analysis, age, smoking habits and asthma were significant risk factors for airway obstruction. Relative risk ratio and 95% confidence interval for LLN stage I, for example, was 2.9 (2.0-4.1) for the youngest age (≤ 19 yrs), 1.9 (1.2-3.0) for the oldest age (≥ 80 yrs), 2.4 (2.0-2.9) for current smokers and 2.8 (2.2-3.6) for reported asthma diagnosis. In addition to being a useful advocacy tool, the spirometry tent represents an unusual occasion for early detection of airway obstruction in large numbers of city residents with an important public health perspective.

'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts': summary of the Royal Society discussion meeting

Bio-nano interactions can be defined as the study of interactions between nanoscale entities and biological systems such as, but not limited to, peptides, proteins, lipids, DNA and other biomolecules, cells and cellular receptors and organisms including humans. Studying bio-nano interactions is particularly useful for understanding engineered materials that have at least one dimension in the nanoscale. Such materials may consist of discrete particles or nanostructured surfaces. Much of biology functions at the nanoscale; therefore, our ability to manipulate materials such that they are taken up at the nanoscale, and engage biological machinery in a designed and purposeful manner, opens new vistas for more efficient diagnostics, therapeutics (treatments) and tissue regeneration, so-called nanomedicine. Additionally, this ability of nanomaterials to interact with and be taken up by cells allows nanomaterials to be used as probes and tools to advance our understanding of cellular functioning. Yet, as a new technology, assessment of the safety of nanomaterials, and the applicability of existing regulatory frameworks for nanomaterials must be investigated in parallel with development of novel applications. The Royal Society meeting 'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts' provided an important platform for open dialogue on the current state of knowledge on these issues, bringing together scientists, industry, regulatory and legal experts to concretize existing discourse in science law and policy. This paper summarizes these discussions and the insights that emerged.

Activité physique et sportive à l'adolescence: un défi pour les médecins, un défi pour la société. [Sports activity during adolescence: a challenge for health professionals and for the society]

The rate of teenagers who engage in sports activity on a regular basis has decreased since ten years, whereas the rate of overweight and obesity is steadily increasing. This paper discusses the meaning as well as the limits of sports activity during adolescence. Guidelines for sports participation include: a discussion of the frequency and duration of sports training sessions, which have to be adapted to the growth and pubertal stage of the adolescent. Any symptoms suggesting overuse should be tackled seriously. Physician's counselling in the field of protective behaviour (injury prevention) is effective. Finally, the majority of chronic conditions are compatible with moderate sports activity.

Organisation structurale du noyau et de microtubules de cellules de mammifères observés par cryo-microscopie électronique de sections hydratées

RESUME L'architecture nucléaire ainsi que l'ultrastructure des microtubules ont été abondamment étudiées par des méthodes cytochimiques utilisant des échantillons fixés chimiquement, enrobés dans des résines ou fixés à basse température. Les échantillons fixés à basse température pouvant aussi avoir été substitués, déshydratés et enrobés dans des résines pour la plupart hydrophiles. Ici, nous avons étendu ces études en utilisant la microscopie électronique effectuée sur des sections hydratées (CEMOVIS) permettant d'observer les échantillons dans un état le plus proche de leur état natif. De plus, nous avons effectué de la tomographie électronique sur des sections hydratées (TOVIS) afin d'obtenir une vision tridimensionnelle de : 1) la périphérie du noyau et de la région périchromatinienne et 2) de la lumière des microtubules. Concernant l'architecture nucléaire Nos observations montrent que le nucléole et la chromatine condensée sont facilement visualisés grâce à la texture spécifique qu'ils arborent. Au contraire, la visualisation de domaines nucléaires importants et spécialement ceux qui contiennent des ribonucléoprotéines, est rendue difficile, à cause du faible contraste qui caractérise l'espace interchromatinien. Ceci est essentiellement dû à la quantité d'information présente dans le volume de la section qui semble être superposée, lorsque observée sur des micrographies en deux dimensions. La tomographie nous a permis de mieux visualiser les différentes régions du noyau. Les mottes de chromatine condensée sont décorées à leur périphérie (région périchromatinienne), par nombre de fibrilles et granules. Des tunnels d'espace interchromatinien sont occasionnellement observés en train de traverser des régions de chromatine condensée favorisant l'accès aux pores nucléaires. Enfin, nous avons pu, au niveau d'un pore unique, observer la plupart des structures caractéristiques du complexe de pore nucléaire. Concernant l'ultrastructure des microtubules: Nous avons démontré que la polarité d'un microtubule observé in situ en section transversale, par CEMOVIS, est directement déduite de l'observation de la chiralité de ses protofilaments. Cette chiralité, a été établie précédemment comme étant liée à la morphologie des sous unités de tubuline. La tomographie électronique effectuée sur des sections hydratées, nous a permis d'observer les microtubules dans leur contexte cellulaire avec une résolution suffisante pour visualiser des détails moléculaires, comme les monomères de tubuline. Ainsi, des molécules n'ayant pas encore été caractérisées, ont été observées dans la lumière des microtubules. Ces observations ont été effectuées autant sur des cellules observées en coupe par CEMOVIS que sur des cellules congelées dans leur totalité par immersion dans un bain d'éthane liquide. Enfin, nous avons montré que les microtubules étaient aussi de formidables objets, permettant une meilleure compréhension des artéfacts de coupe occasionnés lors de la préparation des échantillons par CEMOVIS. Les buts des études qui seront menées â la suite de ce travail seront de 1) essayer de localiser des domaines nucléaires spécifiques par des approches cytochimiques avant la congélation des cellules. 2) Appliquer des méthodes de moyennage afin d'obtenir un modèle tridimensionnel de la structure du complexe de pore nucléaire dans son contexte cellulaire. 3) Utiliser des approches biochimiques afin de déterminer la nature exacte des particules qui se trouvent dans la lumière des microtubules. ABSTRACT Nuclear architecture as well as microtubule ultrastructure have been extensively investigated by means of different methods of ultrastructural cytochemistry using chemically fixed and resin embedded samples or following cryofixation, cryosubstitution and embedding into various, especially partially hydrophilic resins. Here, we extend these studies using cryoelectron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS) which allows one to observe the specimen as close as possible to its native state. Furthermore, we applied cryoelectron tomography of vitreous sections (TOVIS) in order to obtain athree-dimensional view of: 1) the nuclear periphery, and of the perichromatin region, and 2) the microtubule lumen. Concerning the nuclear architecture: Our observations show that nucleoli and condensed chromatin are well recognisable due to their specific texture. Conversely, the visualisation of other important nuclear domains, especially those containing ribonucleoproteins, is seriously hampered by a generally low contrast of the interchromatin region. This is mainly due to the plethora of information superposed in the volume of the section observed on two-dimensional micrographs. Cryoelectron tomography allowed us to better visualise nuclear regions. Condensed chromatin clumps are decorated on their periphery, the perichromatin region, by numerous fibrils and granules. Tunnels of interchromatin space can occasionally be found as crossing condensed chromatin regions, thus, allowing the access to nuclear pores. Finally, we were able to use TOVIS to directly distinguish most of the nuclear pore complex structures, at the level of a single pore. Concerning the microtubule ultrastructure: We have demonstrated that the polarity of across-sectioned microtubule observed in situ by CEMOVIS wás directly deducible from the visualisation of the tubulin protofiíaments' chirality. This chirality has been established before as related to the shape. of the tubulin subunits. Cryoelectron tomography allowed us to observe microtubules in their cellular context at a resolution sufficient to resolve molecular details such as their tubulin monomers. In this way, uncharacterized molecules were visualised in the microtubule lumen. These observations were made either on samples prepared by CEMOVIS or plunge freezing of whole cells. Finally, we have shown that microtubules are also relevant objects for the understanding of cutting artefacts, when performing CEMOVIS. The goals of our further studies will be to: 1) try to speciifically target different nuclear domains by cytochemical approaches in situ, prior to cryofixation. 2) Apply averaging methods in order to obtain a three-dimensional model of the nuclear pore complex at work, in its cellular context. 3) Use biochemical analysis combined in a second time to immunocytochemical approaches, to determine the exact nature of the microtubule's luminal particles.

The effect of a smoking ban introduction to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in Swiss hospitality workers : Abstracts of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Society of Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE), September 13-16, 2011, Barcelona, Spain

Background and Aims: To protect the population from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Switzerland introduced a nationwide rather heterogeneous smoking ban in May 2010. The exposure situation of non-smoking hospitality workers before and after implementation of the new law is being assessed in a prospective cohort study. Methods: Exposure to ETS was measured using a novel method developed by the Institute for Work and Health in Lausanne. It is a passive sampler called MoNIC (Monitor of NICotine). The nicotine of the ETS is fixed onto a filter and transformed into salt of not volatile nicotine. Subsequently the number of passively smoked cigarettes is calculated. Badges were placed at the workplace as well as distributed to the participants for personal measuring. Additionally a salivary sample was taken to determine nicotine concentration. Results: At baseline Spearman's correlation between workplace and personal badge was 0.47. The average cigarette equivalents per day at the workplace obtained by badge significantly dropped from 5.1 (95%- CI: 2.4 to 7.9) at baseline to 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) at first follow-up (n=29) three months later (p<0.001). For personal badges the number of passively smoked cigarettes declined from 1.5 (2.7 to 0.4) per day to 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8) (n=16).Salivary nicotine concentration in a subset of 13 participants who had worked on the day prior to the examination was 2.63 ng/ml before and 1.53 ng/ml after the ban (p=0.04). Spearman's correlation of salivary nicotine was 0.56 with workplace badge and 0.79 with personal badge concentrations. Conclusions: Workplace measurements clearly reflect the smoking regulation in a venue. The MoNIC badge proves to be a sensitive measuring device to determine personal ETS exposure and it is a demonstrative measure for communication with lay audiences and study participants as the number of passively smoked cigarettes is an easily conceivable result.