212 resultados para P53 PATHWAY
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Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or expression of its constitutively activated mutant, DeltaEGFR(2-7), in association with the inactivation of the INK4a/Arf gene locus is a frequent alteration in human glioblastoma. The notion of a cooperative effect between these two alterations has been demonstrated in respective mouse brain tumor models including our own. Here, we investigated underlying molecular mechanisms in early passage cortical astrocytes deficient for p16(INK4a)/p19(Arf) or p53, respectively, with or without ectopic expression of DeltaEGFR(2-7). Targeting these cells with the specific EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478 revealed that phosphorylation of ERK was only abrogated in the presence of an intact INK4a/Arf gene locus. The sensitivity to inhibit ERK phosphorylation was independent of ectopic expression of DeltaEGFR(2-7) and independent of the TP53 status. This resistance to downregulate the MAPK pathway in the absence of INK4a/Arf was confirmed in cell lines derived from our mouse glioma models with the respective initial genetic alterations. Thus, deletion of INK4a/Arf appears to keep ERK in its active, phosphorylated state insensitive to an upstream inhibitor specifically targeting EGFR/DeltaEGFR(2-7). This resistance may contribute to the cooperative tumorigenic effect selected for in human glioblastoma that may be of crucial clinical relevance for treatments specifically targeting EGFR/DeltaEGFR(2-7) in glioblastoma patients.
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The biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and surface expression of the beta cell glucose transporter GLUT2 was investigated in isolated islets and insulinoma cells. Using a trypsin sensitivity assay to measure cell surface expression, we determined that: (a) greater than 95% of GLUT2 was expressed on the plasma membrane; (b) GLUT2 did not recycle in intracellular vesicles; and (c) after trypsin treatment, reexpression of the intact transporter occurred with a t1/2 of approximately 7 h. Kinetics of intracellular transport of GLUT2 was investigated in pulse-labeling experiments combined with glycosidase treatment and the trypsin sensitivity assay. We determined that transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) occurred with a t1/2 of 15 min and that transport from the TGN to the plasma membrane required a similar half-time. When added at the start of a pulse-labeling experiment, brefeldin A prevented exit of GLUT2 from the endoplasmic reticulum. When the transporter was first accumulated in the TGN during a 15-min period of chase, but not following a low temperature (22 degrees C) incubation, addition of brefeldin A (BFA) prevented subsequent surface expression of the transporter. This indicated that brefeldin A prevented GLUT2 exit from the TGN by acting at a site proximal to the 22 degrees C block. Together, these data demonstrate that GLUT2 surface expression in beta cells is via the constitutive pathway, that transport can be blocked by BFA at two distinct steps and that once on the surface, GLUT2 does not recycle in intracellular vesicles.
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Selectins play a key role regulating leukocyte migration into tissues by mediating leukocyte tethering (capture) and rolling on inflamed endothelium and/or on adherent leukocytes or platelets. During leukocyte rolling, endothelial E- or P-selectin bind to glycoprotein ligands carrying sialyl Lewis χ (sLex) determinant. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a common ligand for L-, P- and E-selectin, which sequentially cooperates with CD44 and E- selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1) to roll on E-selectin. During rolling on endothelial selectins, PSGL-1 and CD44 signal through Src family kinases and Syk, leading to αι_β2 integrin partial activation and slow rolling on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Leukocyte exposure to chemokines then leads to firm adhesion. Little information is available on ligands that mediate malignant leukocyte rolling on E- selectin. We defined these ligands on U937 monoblasts by immunoadsorbtion and immunoblotting using mAb raised against CD43, CD44, PSGL-1, sLex/CLA determinants and E-selectin/IgM chimera. Immunoblotting and blot rolling assays demonstrated that PSGL-1, CD43, CD44 and a -125 kDa sLex/CLA positive ligand contribute to support E-seiectin- dependent rolling. This -125 kDa ligand is endoglycan, a member of the CD34 family of sialomucins. Endoglycan was frequently detected by flow cytometry on primary leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma ceils (in -50% of cases). Endoglycan, immunopurified from U937 cells, as well as endoglycan/IgG chimera efficiently supported E-selectin dependent rolling. Membrane fractionation on sucrose gradient demonstrated that endoglycan is expressed in lipid rafts. We tested the hypothesis that it signals, like PSGL-1 and CD44, through Src kinases and the MAPK pathway. Indeed, endoglycan engagement induced Syk and ERK phosphorylation in a iipid raft-dependent manner. Syk activation was dependent on Src kinase activity. Downstream of Syk, endoglycan activated PI3K and Akt as well as Bruton's tyrosine kinase and p38 MAPK. Thus, endoglycan is a ligand for endothelial selectins which may contribute to regulate leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell trafficking and interactions with bone marrow microenvironment. - Les sélectines contrôlent la migration tissulaire des leucocytes en assurant leur capture et leur roulement sur l'endothélium vasculaire enflammé et/ou sur des plaquettes ou des leucocytes adhérant à la paroi vasculaire. Lors du roulement leucocytaire, les sélectines endothéliales (E- et P-sélectine) se lient à des ligands porteurs du saccharide sialyl Lewis χ (sLex). PSGL-1 est un ligand commun des sélectines qui coopère avec CD44 et ESL-1 pour permettre la capture et le roulement des neutrophiles. Lorsque PSGL-1 et CD44 se lient aux sélectines endothéliales, elles induisent la phosphorylation des kinases Src et de Syk conduisant à l'activation partielle de l'intégrine aLp2 et au ralentissement des leucocytes sur les sélectines et ICAM-1. Les chimiokines induisent ensuite l'adhésion ferme des leucocytes. Les ligands des sélectines qui assurent le roulement, sur la E-sélectine, des cellules issues d'hémopathies malignes sont peu connus. Nous avons caractérisé ces ligands en les purifiant avec des anticorps dirigés contre CD43, CD44, PSGL-1, sLex/CLA et en utilisant la chimère E-sélectine/IgM. Des tests d'adhésion ont montré que PSGL-1, CD43, CD44 et une glycoprotéine de ~125 kDa soutiennent les interactions cellulaires dépendant de la E- sélectine. Le ligand de -125 kDa a été identifié comme étant l'endoglycan. Il a été détecté, par cytométrie de flux, sur les cellules leucémiques, les cellules de lymphomes ou de myélome multiple, dans ~50% des cas analysés. Sa forme membranaire, immunopurifiée, ou recombinante (endoglycan/lgG) soutient les interactions cellulaires dépendant de la E- sélectine. Nous avons montré qu'il réside dans les rafts lipidiques membranaires puis avons testé l'hypothèse que l'endoglycan, comme PSGL-1 et CD44, induit une signalisation via les kinases de type Src et la voie des MAPK. Nous avons pu observer que son engagement induit la phosphorylation de Syk et de ERK pour autant que la structure des rafts soit préservée. En aval de Syk, l'endoglycan active la PI3K, Akt, Btk et la MAPK p38. Ces résultats montrent que l'endoglycan est un ligand des sélectines endothéliales qui pourrait participer au contrôle du trafic et des interactions des cellules leucémiques, de lymphomes ou de myélomes multiples avec leur microenvironnement. - Le sang est un élément clé du fonctionnement de notre corps. La circulation sanguine permet la communication et le transfert de molécules et cellules entre divers organes. Lors d'une inflammation aiguë due à une réaction allergique, une infection ou une blessure, on observe un oedème local accompagné de rougeur, de chaleur et souvent de douleurs. Au sein des tissus enflammés, on observe des globules blancs (leucocytes) et diverses molécules inflammatoires qui attirent les leucocytes dans les tissus lésés (chimiokines). Le sang est composé de globules rouges, de plaquettes et de leucocytes spécialisés dans les défenses immunes. Pour atteindre le site d'inflammation, les leucocytes doivent quitter la circulation sanguine. Ils utilisent pour cela des molécules d'adhésion présentes à leur surface qui se lient à d'autres molécules d'adhésion de la paroi sanguine. Leurs interactions permettent aux leucocytes de rouler à la surface du vaisseau sanguin. Lorsqu'ils roulent au voisinage d'un site d'inflammation, les leucocytes sont exposés à des chimiokines qui induisent leur arrêt et les dirigent dans les tissus enflammés. Ce processus physiologique est aussi impliqué dans des pathologies telles que l'infarctus, l'artériosclérose ou la thrombose. Il peut être détourné à des fins moins louables par des cellules cancéreuses pour permettre leur dissémination (métastatisation). Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons caractérisé une molécule d'adhésion qui soutient l'adhésion des leucocytes aux sélectines endothéliales: l'endoglycan. Nous avons observé que cette molécule d'adhésion est fréquemment exprimée par les cellules malignes de nombreuses maladies du sang comme les leucémies, les lymphomes et le myélome multiple. Nous avons également pu montrer que l'endoglycan envoie des signaux à l'intérieur des cellules malignes lorsqu'elles se lient aux sélectines endothéliales. Ces signaux pourraient jouer un rôle déterminant dans la régulation des interactions des cellules malignes avec leur microenvironnement. Elles pourraient peut-être aussi favoriser leur survie et leur prolifération.
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Résumé Etant une importante source d'énergie, les plantes sont constamment attaquées par des pathogènes. Ne pouvant se mouvoir, elles ont développé des systèmes de défense sophistiqués afin de lutter contre ces prédateurs. Parmi ces systèmes, les voies de signalisation mettant en jeu des éliciteurs endog8nes tels que les jasmonates permettent d'induire la production de protéines de défense telles que les protéines dites "liées à la pathogénèse". Les gènes codant pour ces protéines appartiennent à des familles multigéniques. Le premier but de cette thèse est d'évaluer le nombre de ces gènes dans le génome d'Arabidopsis thaliana et d'estimer la part de ce système de défense, dépendant de la voie de signalisation des jasmonates. Nous avons défini un cluster de seulement 1S gènes sur 266, "liés à la pathogénèse", exclusivement régulés par les jasmonates. De multiples membres des familles des lectines de type jacaline et des inhibiteurs de trypsines semblent dépendre du jasmonate. Présente dans tous les systèmes immunitaires des eucaryotes, la famille des défensines est une famille très intéressante. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, 317 protéines similaires aux défensines ont été définies, cependant seulement 15 défensines (PDF) sont bien annotées. Ces 15 défensines sont séparées en deux groupes dont un semble avoir évolué plus récemment. Le second but de cette thèse est d'étudier ce groupe de défensines à l'aide de la bioinformatique et des techniques de biologie moléculaire (gêne rapporteur, PCR en temps réel). Nous avons montré que ce groupe contenait une défensine acide intéressante, PDF1.5, qui semblait avoir subi une sélection positive. Cette protéine n'avait encore jamais été étudiée. Contrairement à ce que nous pensions, nous avons établi que cette protéine pouvait avoir une activité biologique liée à la défense. Ce travail de thèse a permis de préciser le nombre de gènes "liées à la pathogénèse" induits par la voie des jasmonates et d'apporter des éléments de réponse sur la question de la redondance des gènes de défense. En conclusion, même si de nombreuses familles de gènes intervenant dans la défense sont bien définies chez Arabidopsis, il reste encore de nombreuses études à faire sur chacun de ces membres. Abstract Being an important source of energy, plants are constantly attacked by herbivores and pathogens. As sessile organisms, they have developed sophisticated defense responses to cope with attack. Among these responses, signalling pathways, using endogenous elicitors including jasmonates (JA), allow the plant to induce the production of defense proteins such as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The genes encoding these proteins belong to multigenic families. The first goal of this thesis was to evaluate the number of PR genes in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana and estimate how much of this plant defense system was dependent on the jasmonate signaling pathway in leaves. Surprisingly a cluster of only 1S genes out of 2ó6 PR genes was exclusively regulated by JA. Multiple members of the jacalin lectin and trypsin inhibitor gene families were shown to be regulated by JA. Present in all eukaryotic immune systems, defensins are an attractive PR family to study. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 317 defensin-related proteins have been found but just 1S defensins (i.e. PDF family) are well annotated. These defensins are split into 2 groups. One of these groups may have appeared and diversified recently. The second goal of this thesis was to study this defensin gene group combining bioinformatic, reporter gene and quantitative PCR techniques. We have shown that this group contains an interesting acidic defensin, PDF1.S, which seems to have undergone positive selection. No information was known on this protein. We have established that this protein may have a biological activity in plant defense. This thesis allowed us to define the number of PR genes induced by the jasmonate pathway and gave initial leads to explain the redundancy of the PR genes in the genome of Arabidopsis. In conclusion, even if many defense gene families are already defined in the Arabidopsis genome, much work remains to be done on individual members.
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Pyochelin (PCH) is a siderophore produced and secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for iron capture. Using (55) Fe uptake and binding assays, we showed that PCH-Fe uptake in P. aeruginosa involves, in addition to the highly studied outer membrane transporter FptA, the inner membrane permease FptX, which recognizes PCH-(55) Fe with an affinity of 0.6 ± 0.2 nM and transports the ferri-siderophore complex from the periplasm into the cytoplasm: fptX deletion inhibited (55) Fe accumulation in the bacterial cytoplasm. Chromosomal replacement was used to generate P. aeruginosa strains producing fluorescent fusions with FptX, PchR (an AraC regulator), PchA (the first enzyme involved in the PCH biosynthesis) and PchE (a non-ribosomic peptide-synthetase involved in a further step). Fluorescence imaging and cellular fractionation showed a uniform repartition of FptX in the inner membrane. PchA and PchE were found in the cytoplasm, associated to the inner membrane all over the bacteria and also concentrated at the bacterial poles. PchE clustering at the bacterial poles was dependent on PchA expression, but on the opposite PchA clustering and membrane association was PchE-independent. PchA and PchE cellular organization suggests the existence of a siderosome for PCH biosynthesis as previously proposed for pyoverdine biosynthesis (another siderophore produced by P. aeruginosa).
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BACKGROUND: Decreasing exposure to airborne particulates was previously associated with reduced age-related decline in lung function. However, whether the benefit from improved air quality depends on genetic background is not known. Recent evidence points to the involvement of the genes p53 and p21 and of the cell cycle control gene cyclin D1 (CCND1) in the response of bronchial cells to air pollution. OBJECTIVE: We determined in 4,326 participants of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) whether four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes [CCND1 (rs9344 [P242P], rs667515), p53 (rs1042522 [R72P]), and p21 (rs1801270 [S31R])] modified the previously observed attenuation of the decline in the forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF(25-75)) associated with improved air quality. METHODS: Subjects of the prospective population-based SAPALDIA cohort were assessed in 1991 and 2002 by spirometry, questionnaires, and biological sample collection for genotyping. We assigned spatially resolved concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM(10)) to each participant's residential history 12 months before the baseline and follow-up assessments. RESULTS: The effect of diminishing PM(10) exposure on FEF(25-75) decline appeared to be modified by p53 R72P, CCND1 P242P, and CCND1 rs667515. For example, a 10-microg/m(3) decline in average PM(10) exposure over an 11-year period attenuated the average annual decline in FEF(25-75) by 21.33 mL/year (95% confidence interval, 10.57-32.08) among participants homozygous for the CCND1 (P242P) GG genotype, by 13.72 mL/year (5.38-22.06) among GA genotypes, and by 6.00 mL/year (-4.54 to 16.54) among AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cell cycle control genes may modify the degree to which improved air quality may benefit respiratory function in adults.
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PURPOSE: The potential of stem cells (SCs) as a source for cell-based therapy on a wide range of degenerative diseases and damaged tissues such as retinal degeneration has been recognized. Generation of a high number of retinal stem cells (RSCs) in vitro would thus be beneficial for transplantation in the retina. However, as cells in prolonged cultivation may be unstable and thus have a risk of transformation, it is important to assess the stability of these cells. METHODS: Chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in mouse RSC lines isolated from adult and from postnatal day (PN)1 mouse retinas. Moreover, selected cell lines were tested for anchorage-dependent proliferation, and SCs were transplanted into immunocompromised mice to assess the possibility of transformation. RESULTS: Marked aneuploidy occurred in all adult cell lines, albeit to different degrees, and neonatal RSCs were the most stable and displayed a normal karyotype until at least passage 9. Of interest, the level of aneuploidy of adult RSCs did not necessarily correlate with cell transformation. Only the adult RSC lines passaged for longer periods and with a higher dilution ratio underwent transformation. Furthermore, we identified several cell cycle proteins that might support the continuous proliferation and transformation of the cells. CONCLUSIONS: Adult RSCs rapidly accumulated severe chromosomal aberrations during cultivation, which led to cell transformation in some cell lines. The culture condition plays an important role in supporting the selection and growth of transformed cells.
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Cancer development results from deregulated control of stem cell populations and alterations in their surrounding environment. Notch signaling is an important form of direct cell-cell communication involved in cell fate determination, stem cell potential and lineage commitment. The biological function of this pathway is critically context dependent. Here we review the pro-differentiation role and tumor suppressing function of this pathway, as revealed by loss-of-function in keratinocytes and skin, downstream of p53 and in cross-connection with other determinants of stem cell potential and/or tumor formation, such as p63 and Rho/CDC42 effectors. The possibility that Notch signaling elicits a duality of signals, involved in growth/differentiation control and cell survival will be discussed, in the context of novel approaches for cancer therapy
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The transcytotic pathway followed by the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgR) carrying its bound ligand (dIgA) from the basolateral to the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells has been mapped using morphological tracers. At 20 degreesC dIgA-pIgR internalize to interconnected groups of vacuoles and tubules that comprise the endosomal compartment and in which they codistribute with internalized transferrin receptors (TR) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Upon transfer to 37 degreesC the endosome vacuoles develop long tubules that give rise to a distinctive population of 100-nm-diam cup-shaped vesicles containing pIgR. At the same time, the endosome gives rise to multivesicular endosomes (MVB) enriched in EGFR and to 60-nm-diam basolateral vesicles. The cup-shaped vesicles carry the dIgA/pIgR complexes to the apical surface where they exocytose. Using video microscopy and correlative electron microscopy to study cells grown thin and flat we show that endosome vacuoles tubulate in response to dIgA/pIgR but that the tubules contain TR as well as pIgR. However, we show that TR are removed from these dIgA-induced tubules via clathrin-coated buds and, as a result, the cup-shaped vesicles to which the tubules give rise become enriched in dIgA/pIgR. Taken together with the published information available on pIgR trafficking signals, our observations suggest that the steady-state concentrations of TR and unoccupied pIgR on the basolateral surface of polarized MDCK cells are maintained by a signal-dependent, clathrin-based sorting mechanism that operates along the length of the transcytotic pathway. We propose that the differential sorting of occupied receptors within the MDCK endosome is achieved by this clathrin-based mechanism continuously retrieving receptors like TR from the pathways that deliver pIgR to the apical surface and EGFR to the lysosome.
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GTPases of the Rab1 subclass are essential for membrane traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex in animals, fungi and plants. Rab1-related proteins in higher plants are unusual because sequence comparisons divide them into two putative subclasses, Rab-D1 and Rab-D2, that are conserved in monocots and dicots. We tested the hypothesis that the Rab-D1 and Rab-D2 proteins of Arabidopsis represent functionally distinct groups. RAB-D1 and RAB-D2a each targeted fluorescent proteins to the same punctate structures associated with the Golgi stacks and trans-Golgi-network. Dominant-inhibitory N121I mutants of each protein inhibited traffic of diverse cargo proteins at the ER but they appeared to act via distinct biochemical pathways as biosynthetic traffic in cells expressing either of the N121I mutants could be restored by coexpressing the wild-type form of the same subclass but not the other subclass. The same interaction was observed in transgenic seedlings expressing RAB-D1 [N121I]. Insertional mutants confirmed that the three Arabidopsis Rab-D2 genes were extensively redundant and collectively performed an essential function that could not be provided by RAB-D1, which was non-essential. However, plants lacking RAB-D1, RAB-D2b and RAB-D2c were short and bushy with low fertility, indicating that the Rab-D1 and Rab-D2 subclasses have overlapping functions.
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ABSTRACT :Azole antifungal drugs possess fungistatic activity in Candida albicans making this human pathogen tolerant to these agents. The conversion of azoles into fungicidal agents is of interest since their fungistatic properties increase the ability of C. albicans to develop drug resistance. In C. albicans, the phosphatase calcineurin (calcineurin) is essential for antifungal drug tolerance. Up to now, the only known target of calcineurin is Crzl, which is a transcription factor (TF) involved in responses to ionic stress. Thus, most of the components of the calcineurin signaling remain to be identified in C. albicans.In this work, the calcineurin pathway was investigated in order to i) characterize the role of calcineurin in the biology of C. albicans, ii) identify putative targets of calcineurin and iii) characterize the phenomenon of tolerance to antifungal drugs. Towards these aims, four different approaches were used.First, using C. albicans microarrays, an attempt was made to identify a set of calcineurindependent genes (CDGs). Since CDGs were highly dependent upon the external stimulus used to activate calcineurin (Ca2+ or terbinafine), this stimulus bias was bypassed by the construction of strains expressing a truncated autoactive form of calcineurin (Cmp1tr) in a doxycyclinedependent manner. The characterization of Cmpltr was undertaken and results showed that it mimicked awild-type activated calcineurin for all tested phenotypes (i.e. Cnbl-dependence, inhibition by FK506, phosphatase 2B activity, ability to dephosphorylate Crzl and to regulate Crz1-and calcineurin-dependent genes, role in antifungal drug tolerance and susceptibility, role in colony formation on Spider agar). Cmp1tr was therefore considered as a valid tool to study the calcineurin signaling pathway. In silico analysis of CDGs allowed the identification of i) a significant overlap between CDGs and genes regulated by the Cyrl signalíng pathway, ii) putative interactions between calcineurin activation and cell wall reorganization and phospholipid transport, iii) a putative interactión between calcineurin and the regulation of translation and iv) a putative relation between calcineurin and proteasome regulation. Further in silico analyses of the promoters of Crz1-independent CDGs were performed to identify TFs (other than Crz1) that were likely to regulate CDGs and therefore to be a direct target of calcineurin. The analyses revealed that Rpn4 and Mnl1 were TFs likely to be regulated by calcineurin.Second, in order to better characterize azole tolerance, an attempt was made to i) confirm the role of Hsp90 in fluconazole tolerance with a doxycycline-dependent Hsp90 expression system and ii) assess its calcineurin-dependence. Hsp90 was found to be significantly involved in fluconazole tolerance. However, results were not in agreement with the hypothesis that Hsp90 mediates fluconazole tolerance by the only downstream effector calcineurin. Rather Hsp90 is interacting with numerous components for fluconazole tolerance.Third, a collection of C. albicans TFs mutants were screened for loss of tolerance to terbinafine and fluconazole in order to identify TFs involved in antifungal drug tolerance. Out of the 265 TFs mutants screened, only the upc2Δ/Δ mutant showed a loss of fluconazole and terbinafine tolerance. Interestingly, no relation between Upc2 and calcineurin activity was found. These results suggested that the tolerance to antifungal drugs must not be only considered as a calcineurin-dependent phenomenon in C. albicans.Fourth, using FRCS analyses, an attempt was made to identify putative signs of programmed cell death (PCD) in calcineurin mutant cells upon loss of tolerance to terbinafine. A high proportion of cells died from both RO5-dependent (which is a sign of PCD) and ROS-independent (which is a sign of loss of homeostasis) processes in the calcineurin mutant. While these results suggest that calcineurin represses both loss of homeostasis and PCD, the role of calcineurin in PCD is still an open question.In conclusion, this work allowed i) the identification of several putative calcineurin targets, ii) the discovery of several links between calcineurin and signaling pathways and important biological processes and iii) the identification of novel components of calcineurin-independent mechanisms that participate in tolerance to antifungal drugs in C. albicans.RÉSUME :Les azoles sont des antifongiques qui présentent une activité fongistatique contre Candida albicans et rendent cette levure tolérante à ces agents. La conversion des azoles en agents fongicides est d'intérêts car leurs propriétés fongistatiques favorisent le développement de résistance aux drogues chez C. albicans. La calcineurine (calcineurin) est une phosphatase essentielle pour la tolérance aux antifongiques chez C. albicans. La seule cible connue de la calcineurin est Crz1, un facteur de transcription (FT) impliqué dans la réponse aux stress ionique. Ainsi, la plupart des constituants de la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin restent encore à être identifiés chez C. albicans.Dans ce travail de thèse, la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin a été étudiée de sorte à i) caractériser le rôle de la calcineurin dans la biologie de C. albicans, ii) identifier de nouvelles cibles de la calcineurin et iii) caractériser le phénomène de tolérance aux antifongiques. A ce propos, quatre approches ont été entreprises.Premièrement, des puces à ADN de C. albicans ont été utilisées afin d'identifier les gènes dépendants de la calcineurin (GDCs). Les GDCs étant étroitement dépendants du stimulus utilisé pour activer la calcineurin, le biais «stimulus» a été évité via la construction d'une souche exprimant une forme tronquée et autoactive de la calcineurin (Cmp1tr), en présence de doxycycline. La caractérisation de Cmp1tr a été entreprise et les résultats ont montré qu'elle mimait une calcineurin sauvage et activée pour la plupart des phénotypes testés (i.e. dépendance à Cnb1, inhibition par le FK506, activité phosphatase 2B, déphosphorylation de Crz1 et régulation de gènes dépendant de la calcineurin, rôle dans la tolérance et la susceptibilité aux antifongiques, rôle dans la formation des colonies sur milieu Spider). Cmp1tr a donc été considéré comme un outil pertinent pour l'étude de la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin. Les analyses in silico des GDCs ont permis l'identification i) d'un chevauchement entre les GDCs èt les gènes régulés par la voie de signalisation de Cyrl, ii) d'une interaction entre la calcineurin et la réorganisation de la paroi cellulaire ainsi que le transport des phospholipides, iii) d'une interaction entre calcineurin et la régulation de la traduction et iv) une relation entre la calcineurin et la régulation du protéasome. De plus, une analyse in silico des promoteurs des GDCs avec une régulation indépendante de Crz1 a permis d'identifier deux FTs qui pourraient être des cibles directes de la calcineurin, Rpn4 et Mnll.Deuxièmement, afin de caractériser la tolérance aux azoles, il a été entrepris i) de confirmer le rôle de Hsp90 dans la tolérance au fluconazole en utilisant un système d'expression dépendant de la doxycycline et ii) de caractériser sa dépendance à la calcineurin. Hsp90 a été montré impliqué dans la tolérance aux azoles. Cependant, les résultats n'ont pas corroboré une hypothèse expliquant le rôle d'Hsp90 dans la tolérance aux antifongiques par son unique. interaction avec la calcineurin. Il a été proposé que le rôle d'Hsp90 dans la tolérance aux antifongiques soit dû à ces multiples interactions avec le protéome de C. albicans plutôt que par son interaction avec un partenaire unique.Troisièmement, une collection de mutant pour des FTs de C. albicans a été criblée pour une perte de tolérance au fluconazole ou à la terbinafine, de sorte à identifier les FTs impliqués dans la tolérance aux antifongiques. Sur les 265 FTs passés au crible, seul le mutant upc2Δ/Δ a montré une perte de tolérance au fluconazole et à la terbinafine. Aucune relation n'a été trouvée entre la calcineurin et l'activité d'Upc2. Ces résultats suggèrent que la perte de tolérance aux antifongiques ne doit pas être considérée comme un phénomène exclusivement lié à la voie de signalisation de la calcineurin.Quatrièmement, en utilisant la cytométrie de flux, la présence de signes de mort cellulaire programmée (MCP) a été recherchée lors de la perte de tolérance du mutant calcineurin incubé avec de la terbinafine. Une grande proportion de cellules mortes incluant ou non une production de ROS (un signe de MCP) a été détectée dans le mutant calcineurin. Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent que la calcineurin réprime autant la perte d'homéostasie qu'elle régule l'entrée en MCP. Cependant d'autres analyses sont nécessaires pour démontrer clairement le rôle de la calcineurin dans la régulation de la MCP.En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis i) l'identification de plusieurs cibles possibles de la calcineurine, ii) la découverte de plusieurs interactions entre la calcineurine et d'autres voies de signalisation et processus biologiques importants et iii) de démontrer la présence de voies indépendantes de la calcineurine impliquées dans la tolérance aux antifongiques chez C. albicans.
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Gene expression-based prediction of genomic copy number aberrations in the chromosomal region 12q13 to 12q15 that is flanked by MDM2 and CDK4 identified Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in glioblastoma. WIF1 encodes a secreted Wnt antagonist and was strongly downregulated in most glioblastomas as compared with normal brain, implying deregulation of Wnt signaling, which is associated with cancer. WIF1 silencing was mediated by deletion (7/69, 10%) or epigenetic silencing by promoter hypermethylation (29/110, 26%). Co-amplification of MDM2 and CDK4 that is present in 10% of glioblastomas was associated in most cases with deletion of the whole genomic region enclosed, including the WIF1 locus. This interesting pathogenetic constellation targets the RB and p53 tumor suppressor pathways in tandem, while simultaneously activating oncogenic Wnt signaling. Ectopic expression of WIF1 in glioblastoma cell lines revealed a dose-dependent decrease of Wnt pathway activity. Furthermore, WIF1 expression inhibited cell proliferation in vitro, reduced anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and completely abolished tumorigenicity in vivo. Interestingly, WIF1 overexpression in glioblastoma cells induced a senescence-like phenotype that was dose dependent. These results provide evidence that WIF1 has tumor suppressing properties. Downregulation of WIF1 in 75% of glioblastomas indicates frequent involvement of aberrant Wnt signaling and, hence, may render glioblastomas sensitive to inhibitors of Wnt signaling, potentially by diverting the tumor cells into a senescence-like state.
Resumo:
Jasmonates in plants are cyclic fatty acid-derived regulators structurally similar to prostaglandins in metazoans. These chemicals mediate many of plants' transcriptional responses to wounding and pathogenesis by acting as potent regulators for the expression of numerous frontline immune response genes, including those for defensins and antifungal proteins. Additionally, the pathway is critical for fertility. Ongoing genetic screens and protein-protein interaction assays are identifying components of the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway. A massive molecular machine, based on two multiprotein complexes, SCF(COI1) and the COP9 signalosome (CNS), plays a central role in jasmonate signaling. This machine functions in vivo as a ubiquitin ligase complex, probably targeting regulatory proteins, some of which are expected to be transcriptional repressors. Some defense-related mediators, notably salicylic acid, antagonize jasmonates in controlling the expression of many genes. In Arabidopsis, NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES (NPR1) mediates part of this interaction, with another layer of control provided further downstream by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) homolog MPK4. Numerous other interpathway connections influence the jasmonate pathway. Insights from Arabidopsis have shown that an allele of the auxin signaling gene AXR1, for example, reduces the sensitivity of plants to jasmonate. APETALA2 (AP2)-domain transcription factors, such as ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (ERF1), link the jasmonate pathway to the ethylene signaling pathway. As progress in characterizing several new mutants (some of which are hypersensitive to jasmonic acid) augments our understanding of jasmonate signaling, the Connections Map will be updated to include this new information.
Resumo:
Plants possess a family of potent fatty acid-derived wound-response and developmental regulators: the jasmonates. These compounds are derived from the tri-unsaturated fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) and, in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato, 7(Z)-, 10(Z)-, and 13(Z)-hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3). The lipoxygenase-catalyzed addition of molecular oxygen to alpha-linolenic acid initiates jasmonate synthesis by providing a 13-hydroperoxide substrate for formation of an unstable allene oxide by allene oxide synthase (AOS). This allene oxide then undergoes enzyme-guided cyclization to produce 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA). These first steps take place in plastids, but further OPDA metabolism occurs in peroxisomes. OPDA has several fates, including esterification into plastid lipids and transformation into the 12-carbon prohormone jasmonic acid (JA). JA is itself a substrate for further diverse modifications, including the production of jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which is a major biologically active jasmonate among a growing number of jasmonate derivatives. Each new jasmonate family member that is discovered provides another key to understanding the fine control of gene expression in immune responses; in the initiation and maintenance of long-distance signal transfer in response to wounding; in the regulation of fertility; and in the turnover, inactivation, and sequestration of jasmonates, among other processes.