Opinions on smoking policies in Switzerland

Purpose: to assess the opinions regarding smoking ban policies in Switzerland. Methods: cross sectional study on 2,601 women and 2,398 men, aged 35-75 years, living in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nine questions on smoking policies (restrictions, advertising, taxes and prevention) were applied. Results: 95% of responders supported policies that would help smokers to quit, 92% supported no selling of tobacco to subjects aged less than 16 years, 87% a smoking ban in public places and 86% a national campaign against smoking. A further 77% supported a total ban on tobacco advertising, 74% the reimbursement of nicotine replacement therapies and 70% increasing the price of cigarettes. Conversely, a lower support was found for a total ban of tobacco sales (35%) or the promotion of light cigarettes (22%). Multivariate analysis showed that women, lower educational level, older age, being physically active or non-smoker were associated with tougher policies against tobacco, whereas current drinking or smoking and higher educational level were associated with lower levels of support. Conclusion: opinions regarding smoking poli ci es vary considerably according to the policy type considered and also the characteristics of the subjects. Those findings provide interesting data regarding which anti-smoking policies would be more acceptable by the lay public, as well as the subjects who might oppose them.

10

Over the last few decades, the Swiss higher education system has faced important reforms - both concerning its structure and its governance. As with other European countries, one of the most important changes consists of the strengthening of the higher education institutions' research mission through the reinforcement of the role of the National Science Foundation (NSF), which has become increasingly involved in sustaining academic careers. Meanwhile, traditionally and historically, the definition of a faculty member and his or her financial support has come from the higher education institutions (HEI) themselves. This redefinition of power relationships around the funding of academic temporary positions and research activities by the NSF can be analyzed as an attempt to reform the structure of academic careers and the allocation modes of academic positions. Being able to analyze the issue of allocating academic positions within the normative structure of science (Merton, The sociology of science. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973) is a constant concern for those involved in Higher Education Studies. This chapter is an attempt to nurture the debate by questioning, though a quantitative and qualitative research, the tension between the uses of universalist and particularist criteria in the allocation of academic positions. It analyses the possible exclusion process as a consequence of the organization of academic markets and their embeddedness in a wider societal organization.

Action publique concertée et gestion des sports de nature : une ethnographie participative au Conseil général du Bas-Rhin

En France, la décentralisation et la territorialisation de l'action publique ont fait des sports de nature un objet d'action publique légitime en donnant naissance à de nouveaux outils de management public dédiés à la concertation et à la planification des usages de la nature. Nés de l'article 52 de la Loi sur le sport modifiée en 2000, la Commission Départementale des Espaces, Sites et Itinéraires relatifs aux sports de nature (CDESI) et le Plan Départemental des Espaces Sites et Itinéraires relatifs aux sports de nature (PDESI) sont des outils de concertation territoriale dédiés à la gestion publique des sports de nature au niveau départemental. Un enjeu de ce travail tient à l'appréhension des transformations de l'action publique en s'attachant à l'étude des dispositifs de concertation sur les sports de nature. Un deuxième enjeu de ce travail s'attache à mettre en évidence les effets de la concertation en analysant les interactions et les différents modes d'engagements des acteurs au cours de la « chose publique en train de se faire » (Cefaï, 2002). Les acteurs s'engagent non seulement dans la concertation comprise comme une activité sociale faite d'interactions, mais ils s'engagent également dans la concertation en tant que processus d'action publique. Aussi, un autre enjeu de ce travail est d'appréhender les effets de la concertation par une analyse processuelle des engagements (Fillieule, 2004) des acteurs et des organisations. En mobilisant les outils conceptuels de la sociologie interactionniste, de la sociologie pragmatique, ainsi que de la sociologie structuraliste, l'analyse des situations interactionnelles a notamment permis d'identifier les procédures de cadrage et les techniques dramaturgiques mises en oeuvre par les interactants, ainsi que les répertoires argumentatifs mobilisés par ces acteurs pendant l « 'épreuve » de la concertation. Les confrontations des points de vue et les justifications des prises de positions des acteurs peuvent faire évoluer la configuration initiale des jeux d'acteurs même si, pour certains, ces changements ne restent parfois qu'éphémères. Les organisations s'engagent dans la concertation en fonction de la revendication d'une légitimité qui est à comprendre comme une forme militantisme institutionnel s'articulant autour de la valorisation d'une expertise militante, environnementale, institutionnelle, ou encore de leur statut de partenaire institutionnel. In France, decentralization and territorialization of public action have made outdoor sports become an object of public policies justifiable by giving birth to new tools of public management dedicated to the public consultation, the dialogue, and the planning of the uses of the landscapes. Indeed, born of article 52 of the Law on sport modified in 2000, the Departmental committee for Spaces, Sites and Routes relative to natural sports ( CDESI) and the Departmental Plan of Spaces Sites and Routes relative to natural sports ( PDESI) are governance tools dedicated to the public management of outdoor sports for counties. A challenge of this work is to understand the changes of public policy by focusing on the study of mechanisms for consultation on outdoor sports. A second item of this work is to highlight the effects of cooperation by focusing on the analysis of interactions and actor's commitments during the "public thing in the making" (Cefaï, 2002). Actors commit themselves not only in the dialogue included as a social activity made by interactions, but they also take part to the dialogue included as a process of public action. Also, another issue of this work is to understand the effects of consultation by a processual approach of individual commitments (Fillieule, 2004) of actors and organizations. Using the conceptual tools of symbolic interactionism, pragmatic sociology, and structuralist sociology, the analysis of interactional situations has highlighted the framing work and procedures implemented by the interactants, as well as the dramaturgical techniques and argumentative directories which, they mobilize during the "test" of the consultation. Confrontation of viewpoints and justifications of interactants' positions can evolve from their initial configuration sets, even if for some of them these changes are sometimes ephemeral. Organizations involve themselves according to demands of legitimacy which, are to understand as a shape institutional militancy articulating around the valuation of a militant, environmental, institutional expertise, or still around their status of institutional partner.

Impact of stressful life event on the global functioning outcome after an assertive community treatment

Background: Assertive community treatment (ACT) was reported to be an effective treatment to improve global functioning of ultra-high risk (UHR) adolescents. However, the infl uence of stressful life event (SLE) was not extensively studied which represent our objective. Method: The SLE (encompassing adoption, migration, family member's deceased, sexual or physical abuse, etc.) of 20 UHR adolescents, treated with an ACT model, were rated. 10 adolescents having 0 to 1 SLE (mainly parents' divorce; low SLE group) were compared 10 adolescents with 2 to 5 SLE (high SLE group). The adolescents were assessed at baseline and after treatment with the Health of Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA). The HoNOSCA allowed rating different diffi culties such as behavior, symptoms, disorders and social. Results: First, results on the whole sample indicated signifi cant improvement after ACT (compared to baseline) on the total (P = .04), symptoms (P = .025) and social (P = .009) scores of the HoNOSCA. Second, the improvement on the HoNOSCA's score of the high SLE group were signifi cantly higher for the total (P = .016), symptoms (P = .019) and behavior (P = .033) scores compared to the low SLE group. Discussion/Conclusion: Globally, ACT seems to be an appropriate treatment to enhance global functioning and more specifi cally the social and symptoms diffi culties of UHR adolescents. Additionally, UHR adolescents with a high numbers of SLE were observed to have a better benefi t of the ACT on global, symptoms and behavioral diffi culties.

Le paradoxe tibétain : Théodore Pavie et les explorateurs du Tibet

Si le Tibet figure en marge des voyages et de l'oeuvre de Théodore Pavie, il occupe pourtant une position-clé, quoique déconsidérée, dans le programme scientifique de l'auteur. L'orientaliste - indianiste et sinologue - s'est rendu en Inde et en Chine lors de son voyage de 1839, mais non au Tibet, alors encore largement inexploré. De surcroît, alors que Pavie succède à Eugène Burnouf, auteur éminent de l'Introduction au bouddhisme indien (1844), à la chaire d'études indiennes du Collège de France, ce n'est pas lui mais son condisciple Philippe-Edouard Foucaux qui prendra en charge l'enseignement du tibétain dans les milieux orientalistes parisiens. Dès lors, en quoi le nom de Pavie se rapporte-t-il à l'histoire des savoirs et des représentations du Tibet ?A Calcutta, notre voyageur fait la rencontre d'Alexandre Csoma de Kőrös, savant hongrois fondateur des études tibétaines. A son retour en France, alors même que l'on apprend en Europe l'exploit du père Huc, lequel missionnaire vient de pénétrer à Lhassa, Pavie rédige un article dans la Revue des Deux Mondes sur « Le Thibet et les études thibétaines » (1847). Cet article, pétri par un souffle romantique grandiose, articule savoirs et imaginaire sur le Tibet. Les Tibétains, sauvages et primitifs, à l'image de leur territoire, sont présentés comme les héritiers historiques des civilisations indienne et chinoise. Le Tibet apparaît dès lors comme le musée pétrifié du bouddhisme originel, que le savant peut reconstituer sous les traits - à ses yeux dégénérés - du « lamaïsme », et, en premier lieu, à travers les livres innombrables des bibliothèques des monastères tibétains - attirant sans le savoir l'attention du public français sur l'une des plus grandes littératures du monde. Tout en balisant un nouveau domaine d'études « interdisciplinaire » s'ouvrant à l'orientalisme, Pavie n'en vient-il pas à formuler ce que l'on pourrait appeler un paradoxe tibétain ? Comment le Tibet, isolé par-delà les plus imposantes chaînes de montagne du globe, peut-il être le dépositaire d'une des plus grandes civilisations de l'histoire humaine ? A l'orée de la grande période d'exploration du Tibet, l'orientaliste ne consacre-t-il pas une vision du Tibet qui fera fortune chez les voyageurs français de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle ? Examiner ce pan de la tibétologie française naissante amène à croiser différentes figures de savants et d'explorateurs, en vue de dégager les processus par lesquels savoirs et représentations liés au Tibet se sont constitués à la fin du XIXe siècle.

Impact on assertivity of a social skills training with adolescents suffering from psychotic or anxiety/mood disorders: An exploratory study

During adolescence numerous of important social abilities are acquired within interactions with peers. Severe psychiatric disorders interfere with the acquisition of these social skills. For example, due to excessive shyness, adolescents with psychiatric disorders may not experiment positive social interactions. Social skills training (SKT) may help adolescents to remediate to these diffi culties. This exploratory study aims to assess the SKT's effect on assertivity, in a population of adolescents presenting psychiatric disorder and attending a day care unit for adolescents. The SKT, delivered in group, deals with different themes such as contact, conversation, problem solving, confl ict, fail, success, learning, effort, separation, breakdown, and project. In this context, 38 adolescents (19 suffering from anxiety / mood disorder and 19 suffering from psychotic disorder) rate their level of assertivity before and after a SKT with the Rathus assertivity scale. This scale allows to differentiate between inhibited, assertive and assertiveaggressive adolescents. Results showed a general improvement on assertivity after the SKT. More specifi cally, adolescents suffering from anxiety disorder and the 'inhibited' adolescents showed the higher benefi t from the SKT. Thus, two hours per week of SKT seems to enhance social abilities in a population with severe psychiatric disorders. More specifi - cally, adolescents with anxiety / mood disorders reported more benefi ts of the SKT on their assertivity. Nevertheless, adolescents with psychotic disorders did not report strong benefi ts from the SKT despite the improvement observed at a clinical level. This observation raises questions about the usefulness of self-reported questionnaire to measure such benefi t for adolescents with psychosis.

Jevons et Walras : entre philosophie morale et économie sociale, un jalon dans la compréhension de la décision publique

This PhD dissertation deals with the question of evaluating social welfare and public policy making through the works of William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) and Léon Walras (1834-1910), two economists who lived in the 19th century. These authors, well-known for their analyses on pure economics, were also deeply interested in the social problems of their time and proposed solutions to remedy them. In accordance with utilitarianism, Jevons was convinced that the reforms implemented by public authorities should improve social welfare (viewed as dependant on individual utilities). As for Walras, he defined a justice criterion based on a particular definition of natural law, and the reforms he proposed had the objective of restoring the rights following from this definition. We have drawn two principal conclusions from our work. First, the analyses of Jevons and Walras, who are often considered marginalise, are different not only in pure economics (as suggested by Jaffé in the seventies), but also from the point of view of welfare economics (defined as a science dealing with the evaluation of different social states). Secondly, these authors propose two different ways of justifying social reforms which have similarities with modern theory even though neither Jevons nor Walras are considered pioneers of welfare economics or public economics. Based on these two conclusions, we claim that studying these authors' theories might be of interest for the evaluation of public projects by the economists of today. Not only were their problems similar to ours, but also the original ideas present in their analyses may lead to the refinement of modern methods.Résumé en françaisCette these de doctorat porte sur les manières dont deux économistes du XIXe siècle, William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) et Léon Walras (1834-1910), abordent la question du bien- etre collectif et la prise de décision publique. Connus principalement pour leurs travaux en économie pure, ces auteurs s'intéressent également à la question sociale et proposent des solutions pour y remédier. Jevons, conformément à son adhésion à la tradition utilitariste, estime que les interventions des autorités publiques doivent avoir pour objectif l'amélioration du bien- être collectif. Quant à Walras, il adopte un critère de justice qui relève du « droit naturel » et les propositions sociales qu'il préconise sont justifiées sur la base de leur conformité avec ce dernier. A l'issue du travail effectué dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons abouti à deux résultats principaux : (1) Les analyses de Jevons et Walras, deux économistes qui sont souvent considérés comme des « marginalistes » diffèrent fondamentalement non seulement dans leur analyse de l'économie pure, comme Jaffé le soulignait (1976), mais également en termes d'économie du bien-être (comprise comme une science ayant pour objectif l'évaluation des différents états sociaux). (2) Il existe deux voies originales pour justifier les réformes sociales dans les oeuvres de Jevons et Walras qui partagent des similarités importantes avec les théories modernes bien que ces auteurs ne fassent pas partie des jalons généralement retenus de l'histoire de l'économie du bien-être et de l'économie publique. Ces deux résultats nous conduisent à avancer que l'étude des approches de Jevons et de Walras peut contribuer à la formulation de nouvelles solutions à des problèmes rencontrés dans l'évaluation des différentes politiques publiques, car non seulement les préoccupations de ces auteurs était similaires aux nôtres, mais vu les éléments originaux que leurs propositions comportent, elles peuvent permettre de nuancer certaines aspects des méthodes modernes.

Vers une gestion de la nature en termes d'action publique : analyse d'une dynamique d'appropriation des ressources végétales à Tobré, Nord Bénin

Cette étude se fonde sur des recherches ethnographiques menées autour de la mise en oeuvre d'une politique publique de gestion de la nature à Tobré, une région baatonu au Bénin. L'étude se place dans une dynamique d'appropriation des ressources naturelles en rapport avec l'entrée en jeu de multiples acteurs publics et privés dans l'arène locale de gestion de la nature. En effet, ces acteurs ont acquis ces dernières années de l'expérience et de l'efficacité à la faveur des changements institutionnels et politiques et s'incluent davantage dans le processus de décision au point de suppléer l'Etat dans les actions qui étaient ses prérogatives. L'étude met en lumière les rapports de conflits, de compétitions, de concurrence ou de compromis autour des enjeux sociaux, politiques et économiques de protection de la nature. Elle décrit et analyse les formes d'interactions entre les différents acteurs individuels, collectifs et institutionnels, afin de voir en quoi ces interactions participent du processus de mobilisation d'acteurs locaux et de confrontation de vision, qui finalement définit et oriente les politiques locales de protection de la nature. Pour atteindre cet objectif, l'étude mobilise des apports théoriques de plusieurs disciplines, notamment de la socio- anthropologie du développement, de l'histoire et de la sociologie politique. Elle repose également sur des données empiriques collectées à partir d'une combinaison d'outils techniques, des entretiens et des observations jusqu'au dépouillement de presse et des études de cas. Les principaux résultats montrent que les acteurs locaux, particulièrement les comités de gestion sont parvenus à inscrire la gestion des ressources naturelles dans l'espace public à travers les débats dans les médias, les forums, les marches de protestation, etc. De fait, ils ont été capables d'influer sur le processus de définition et de mise en oeuvre des politiques locales de protection de la nature et donc de reconfigurer l'arène locale de gestion des ressources naturelles. Ce qui amène l'Etat et ses services déconcentrés, en premier lieu les services des Eaux et Forêts et la mairie à pactiser avec ces différents comités, sans pour autant perdre de leur notoriété. Au contraire, ils participent de la gouvernance de l'ensemble des actions et permettent de mettre en place des formes de gestion négociée. - This is an ethnographic research on the implementation of a public policy for the management of natural resources in Tobre, a baatonu village in Benin. The study focuses on the dynamic of natural resources ownership in a context of multiple stakeholders in the public and private sectors. In recent years, these stakeholders have become more experienced and efficient as a result of several institutional and policy changes. The stakeholders are more involved in the decision making process to the point that they can complement the role of the State in natural resources management. This study highlights the conflicts, competition, or compromise associated with the social, political and economic constraints of nature conservation. The interactions between individual, collective and institutional stakeholders were analyzed, to understand their role in the process of mobilizing local stakeholders and confronting their visions. This process ultimately defines and guides local policies on the management of nature. To achieve this goal, this study combined theoretical approaches from developmental socio-anthropology, history and political sociology with empirical data collected using interviews, observations, newspapers analysis and case studies. The results show that local stakeholders, particularly the management committees, were successful at introducing the need for sustainable natural resource management in the mainstream public discourse through the media, forums, and demonstrations. They were able to influence the process of identifying and implementing local policies on nature conservancy. This has encouraged the State, through its forestry services, and the district mayors to collaborate with these committees in the shared governance of natural resources.

Governance of Universities and Scientific Innovation

In this chapter the tension between the tendency of scientific disciplines to "diversify" and the capacities of universities to give new scientific fields an institutional "home" is tackled. The assumption is that new scientific fields must find support among scientists and cognitive units of universities in order to be included. As science is a strongly competitive social field, inclusion often meets resistance. It is argued in this chapter that opportunities for new scientific fields to be included depend on the kind of governance regimes ruling universities. A comparison of the former bureaucratic-oligarchic governance model in most European universities with the existing new public management governance model demonstrates that the propensity of universities to include new scientific fields has increased though there might be a price to pay in terms of which fields stand a chance of being integrated and in terms of institutional possibilities for the invention of new ideas.

Resilient housing : a new resource-oriented approach

The institutional regimes framework has previously been applied to the institutional conditions that support or hinder the sustainability of housing stocks. This resource-based approach identifies the actors across different sectors that have an interest in housing, how they use housing, the mechanisms affecting their use (public policy, use rights, contracts, etc.) and the effects of their uses on the sustainability of housing within the context of the built environment. The potential of the institutional regimes framework is explored for its suitability to the many considerations of housing resilience. By identifying all the goods and services offered by the resource 'housing stock', researchers and decision-makers could improve the resilience of housing by better accounting for the ecosystem services used by housing, decreasing the vulnerability of housing to disturbances, and maximizing recovery and reorganization following a disturbance. The institutional regimes framework is found to be a promising tool for addressing housing resilience. Further questions are raised for translating this conceptual framework into a practical application underpinned with empirical data.