Lamotrigine can be beneficial in patients with Dravet syndrome.

Dravet syndrome, a severe infantile epilepsy syndrome, is typically resistant to anti-epileptic drugs (AED). Lamotrigine (LTG), an AED that is effective for both focal and generalized seizures, has been reported to aggravate seizures in Dravet syndrome. Therefore, LTG is usually avoided in Dravet syndrome. We describe two adults and a child with Dravet syndrome in whom LTG resulted in decreased seizure duration and frequency. This benefit was highlighted in each patient when LTG was withdrawn after 6 to 15 years, and resulted in an increased frequency of convulsive seizures together with longer seizure duration. A 25-year-old male required hospital admission for frequent seizures for the first time in 7 years, 6 weeks after ceasing LTG. Reintroduction of LTG improved seizure control, suggesting that in some patients with Dravet syndrome, LTG may be beneficial.

Recurrent mutations in the CDKL5 gene: Genotype-phenotype relationships.

Mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) have been described in epileptic encephalopathies in females with infantile spasms with features that overlap with Rett syndrome. With more than 80 reported patients, the phenotype of CDKL5-related encephalopathy is well-defined. The main features consist of seizures starting before 6 months of age, severe intellectual disability with absent speech and hand stereotypies and deceleration of head growth, which resembles Rett syndrome. However, some clinical discrepancies suggested the influence of genetics and/or environmental factors. No genotype-phenotype correlation has been defined and thus there is a need to examine individual mutations. In this study, we analyzed eight recurrent CDKL5 mutations to test whether the clinical phenotype of patients with the same mutation is similar and whether patients with specific CDKL5 mutations have a milder phenotype than those with other CDKL5 mutations. Patients bearing missense mutations in the ATP binding site such as the p.Ala40Val mutation typically walked unaided, had normocephaly, better hand use ability, and less frequent refractory epilepsy when compared to girls with other CDKL5 mutations. In contrast, patients with mutations in the kinase domain (such as p.Arg59X, p.Arg134X, p.Arg178Trp/Pro/Gln, or c.145 + 2T > C) and frameshift mutations in the C-terminal region (such as c.2635_2636delCT) had a more severe phenotype with infantile spasms, refractory epileptic encephalopathy, absolute microcephaly, and inability to walk. It is important for clinicians to have this information when such patients are diagnosed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Autistic spectrum disorder: evaluating a possible contributing or causal role of epilepsy.

The onset of epilepsy in brain systems involved in social communication and/or recognition of emotions can occasionally be the cause of autistic symptoms or may aggravate preexisting autistic symptoms. Knowing that cognitive and/or behavioral abnormalities can be the presenting and sometimes the only symptom of an epileptic disorder or can even be caused by paroxysmal EEG abnormalities without recognized seizures, the possibility that this may apply to autism has given rise to much debate. Epilepsy and/or epileptic EEG abnormalities are frequently associated with autistic disorders in children but this does not necessarily imply that they are the cause; great caution needs to be exercised before drawing any such conclusions. So far, there is no evidence that typical autism can be attributed to an epileptic disorder, even in those children with a history of regression after normal early development. Nevertheless, there are several early epilepsies (late infantile spasms, partial complex epilepsies, epilepsies with CSWS, early forms of Landau-Kleffner syndrome) and with different etiologies (tuberous sclerosis is an important model of these situations) in which a direct relationship between epilepsy and some features of autism may be suspected. In young children who primarily have language regression (and who may have autistic features) without evident cause, and in whom paroxysmal focal EEG abnormalities are also found, the possible direct role of epilepsy can only be evaluated in longitudinal studies.

Neonatal treatment of CINCA syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous Articular (CINCA) syndrome, also called Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID) is a chronic disease with early onset affecting mainly the central nervous system, bones and joints and may lead to permanent damage. We report two preterm infants with severe CINCA syndrome treated by anti-interleukin-1 in the neonatal period, although, so far, no experience with this treatment in infants younger than three months of age has been reported. A review of the literature was performed with focus on treatment and neonatal features of CINCA syndrome. CASE REPORT: Two cases suspected to have CINCA syndrome were put on treatment with anakinra in the early neonatal period due to severe clinical presentation. We observed a rapid and persistent decline of clinical signs and systemic inflammation and good drug tolerance. Diagnosis was confirmed in both cases by mutations in the NLRP3/CIAS1-gene coding for cryopyrin. As particular neonatal clinical signs polyhydramnios and endocardial overgrowth are to be mentioned. CONCLUSION: We strongly suggest that specific treatment targeting interleukin-1 activity should be started early. Being well tolerated, it can be introduced already in neonates presenting clinical signs of severe CINCA syndrome in order to rapidly control inflammation and to prevent life-long disability.

Santé mentale et asile : quelle réalité locale ?

Problématique : En Suisse, la situation des requérants d'asile est réglementée depuis 1999 par la Loi sur l'Asile (LAsi) qui leur donnait droit jusqu'en 2008 à une aide sociale, que leur demande soit acceptée, refusée ou que les autorités responsables n'entrent pas en matière. Depuis janvier 2008, tout requérant d'asile ne recevant pas de réponse positive perd cette aide sociale au profit d'une aide dite « d'urgence », impliquant un durcissement des conditions de vie. Depuis lors, un Groupe de Travail « Critères de vulnérabilité » (GT-Vulnérabilité) se charge, sur mandat de l'Etablissement Vaudois d'Accueil des Migrants (EVAM), d'évaluer la situation de certaines personnes percevant l'aide d'urgence sur la base de rapports médicaux et psychiatriques. Il détermine premièrement si la personne doit être considérée comme « vulnérable » pour raison de santé et pose ensuite un préavis médical quant à la possibilité d'amélioration des conditions d'hébergement. Les personnes reconnues comme particulièrement vulnérables sont soumises à un régime différent, impliquant des avantages spécifiés dans l'aide d'urgence. Objectifs : Décrire l'état de santé physique mais surtout mental des personnes percevant l'Aide d'urgence, pour lesquelles une demande a été effectuée auprès de ce groupe et identifier des facteurs associés à cet état de santé. Présenter comment le système de soins organise sa prise en charge et explorer les implications sur la pratique médicale. Méthodologie : Revue exhaustive de la littérature afin de mieux comprendre le contexte social, le cadre légal et les questions éthiques qu'ils impliquent. A partir des dossiers traités par le GT- Vulnérabilité, établissement d'une base de données regroupant des informations d'ordre démographique, médical et anamnestique et analyse descriptive univariée. Résultats: De janvier 2008 à avril 2011, le GT-Vulnérabilité a traité 411 demandes. Parmi les personnes concernées, 52% viennent d'Afrique et sont principalement sans famille. Le GT- Vulnérabilité a pu rendre une décision dans 79% des cas, donnant un préavis en faveur du requérant d'asile pour 82% d'entre eux. On retrouve plus fréquemment une réponse positive lorsqu'il s'agit d'une femme, ou d'une personne avec sa famille. L'étude des dossiers contenant un rapport de généraliste, a montré la présence d'au moins deux diagnostics somatiques chez 42% des personnes, concernant notamment les maladies infectieuses et parasitaires et des atteintes du système nerveux. On retrouve au moins un trouble psychiatrique dans 74% des cas. Il s'agit en particulier de troubles de l'humeur unipolaires et de syndromes de stress post-traumatiques. Les rapports psychiatriques ont également permis d'identifier l'existence de traumatismes chez 81% des personnes, associés surtout à la guerre, à des maltraitance et violences, dans le pays d'origine, mais aussi en Suisse. Conclusion : La situation médicale des requérants d'asile soumis au régime de l'aide d'urgence est préoccupante. Elle met le système de santé et ses divers protagonistes face à des questionnements et des enjeux d'ordre éthique et demande une nécessaire réflexion en termes de santé publique et de politique sanitaire.

New Findings in a Global Approach to Dissect the Whole Phenotype of PLA2G6 Gene Mutations.

Mutations in PLA2G6 gene have variable phenotypic outcome including infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, atypical neuroaxonal dystrophy, idiopathic neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and Karak syndrome. The cause of this phenotypic variation is so far unknown which impairs both genetic diagnosis and appropriate family counseling. We report detailed clinical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging, histologic, biochemical and genetic characterization of 11 patients, from 6 consanguineous families, who were followed for a period of up to 17 years. Cerebellar atrophy was constant and the earliest feature of the disease preceding brain iron accumulation, leading to the provisional diagnosis of a recessive progressive ataxia in these patients. Ultrastructural characterization of patients' muscle biopsies revealed focal accumulation of granular and membranous material possibly resulting from defective membrane homeostasis caused by disrupted PLA2G6 function. Enzyme studies in one of these muscle biopsies provided evidence for a relatively low mitochondrial content, which is compatible with the structural mitochondrial alterations seen by electron microscopy. Genetic characterization of 11 patients led to the identification of six underlying PLA2G6 gene mutations, five of which are novel. Importantly, by combining clinical and genetic data we have observed that while the phenotype of neurodegeneration associated with PLA2G6 mutations is variable in this cohort of patients belonging to the same ethnic background, it is partially influenced by the genotype, considering the age at onset and the functional disability criteria. Molecular testing for PLA2G6 mutations is, therefore, indicated in childhood-onset ataxia syndromes, if neuroimaging shows cerebellar atrophy with or without evidence of iron accumulation.

Early co-occurrence of a neurologic-psychiatric disease pattern in Niemann-Pick type C disease: a retrospective Swiss cohort study.

BackgroundNiemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of lysosomal cholesterol transport. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to critically analyze the onset and time course of symptoms, and the clinical diagnostic work-up in the Swiss NP-C cohort.MethodsClinical, biochemical and genetic data were assessed for 14 patients derived from 9 families diagnosed with NP-C between 1994 and 2013. We retrospectively evaluated diagnostic delays and period prevalence rates for neurological, psychiatric and visceral symptoms associated with NP-C disease. The NP-C suspicion index was calculated for the time of neurological disease onset and the time of diagnosis.ResultsThe shortest median diagnostic delay was noted for vertical supranuclear gaze palsy (2y). Ataxia, dysarthria, dysphagia, spasticity, cataplexy, seizures and cognitive decline displayed similar median diagnostic delays (4¿5y). The longest median diagnostic delay was associated with hepatosplenomegaly (15y). Highest period prevalence rates were noted for ataxia, dysarthria, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy and cognitive decline. The NP-C suspicion index revealed a median score of 81 points in nine patients at the time of neurological disease onset which is highly suspicious for NP-C disease. At the time of diagnosis, the score increased to 206 points.ConclusionA neurologic-psychiatric disease pattern represents the most characteristic clinical manifestation of NP-C and occurs early in the disease course. Visceral manifestation such as isolated hepatosplenomegaly often fails recognition and thus highlights the importance of a work-up for lysosomal storage disorders. The NP-C suspicion index emphasizes the importance of a multisystem evaluation, but seems to be weak in monosymptomatic and infantile NP-C patients.

Psychopharmacologie des troubles bipolaires

Épidémiologie et classification des troubles bipolaires - Maltraitance dans l'enfance: un facteur de mauvais pronostic pour le traitement des troubles bipolaires - Hypothèses neurobiologiques et cibles des stabilisateurs de l'humeur - Approche critique des études sponsorisées par l'industrie pharmaceutique - Pharmacogénétique des troubles bipolaires - Comment définir un stabilisateur de l'humeur - Lithium - Carbamazépine et oxcarbazépine - Lamotrigine - Prégabaline et gabapentine - Topiramate - Valproate - Antipsychotiques de seconde génération - Aripiprazole - Clozapine - Olanzapine - Quétiapine - Rispéridone et hydroxyrispéridone - Autres médicaments utilisés dans les troubles bipolaires - Médicaments pouvant potentiellement induire un syndrome (hypo)maniaque - Médicaments pouvant potentiellement induire un état dépressif - Recommandations sur la prise en charge du trouble bipolaire - Quand introduire un stabilisateur de l'humeur ? - Traitement d'un premier épisode maniaque - Le traitement des phases maniaques - Traitement de la dépression et rôle des antidépresseurs - Prévention du suicide - Traitement des états mixtes - Le traitement des cycles rapides - Traitement du trouble bipolaire II - Combinaisons de traitements pour les phases maniaques - Traitements combinés pour la prévention de rechutes/récidives - Troubles bipolaires, grossesse et allaitement - Troubles bipolaires chez l'enfant et l'adolescent - Troubles bipolaires chez les patients d'âge gériatrique - Traitement du trouble bipolaire et du trouble déficit d'attention-hyperactivité (TDA-H) - Traitement des troubles bipolaires avec troubles anxieux - Comorbidité avec les addictions - Traitement des troubles du sommeil chez le patient bipolaire - Traitement des troubles bipolaires et des troubles de la personnalité borderline - Traitement des troubles bipolaires en présence d'une pathologie somatique

Building hippocampal circuits to learn and remember: insights into the development of human memory

The hippocampal formation is essential for the processing of episodic memories for autobiographical events that happen in unique spatiotemporal contexts. Interestingly, before 2 years of age, children are unable to form or store episodic memories for recall later in life, a phenomenon known as infantile amnesia. From 2 to 7 years of age, there are fewer memories than predicted based on a forgetting function alone, a phenomenon known as childhood amnesia. Here, we discuss the postnatal maturation of the primate hippocampal formation with the goal of characterizing the development of the neurobiological substrates thought to subserve the emergence of episodic memory. Distinct regions, layers and cells of the hippocampal formation exhibit different profiles of structural and molecular development during early postnatal life. The protracted period of neuronal addition and maturation in the dentate gyrus is accompanied by the late maturation of specific layers in different hippocampal regions that are located downstream from the dentate gyrus, particularly CA3. In contrast, distinct layers in several hippocampal regions, particularly CA1, which receive direct projections from the entorhinal cortex, exhibit an early maturation. In addition, hippocampal regions that are more highly interconnected with subcortical structures, including the subiculum, presubiculum, parasubiculum and CA2, mature even earlier. These findings, together with our studies of the development of human spatial memory, support the hypothesis that the differential maturation of distinct hippocampal circuits might underlie the differential emergence of specific "hippocampus-dependent" memory processes, culminating in the emergence of episodic memory concomitant with the maturation of all hippocampal circuits.

L'exposition aux moisissures des enfants en milieu citadin et rural

L'asthme est une des maladies chroniques des plus fréquentes chez l'enfant qui touche 7,6 à 10,7 % de la population infantile française (ISAAC, 1998). Un des facteurs étiologiques impliqué dans cette pathologie est les moisissures présentes dans l'habitat. Néanmoins, il reste toujours à clarifier quelle est la fenêtre d'exposition la plus critique au cours de l'enfance et à comprendre le mécanisme de cette étiologie. En effet, des effets contradictoires ont été associés à l'exposition précoce des enfants aux moisissures. L'exposition à une espèce de moisissure dominante augmente l'incidence de l'asthme chez le jeune enfant, alors que l'exposition à des bioaérosols riches et diversifiés en micro-organismes, comme ceux présent dans les fermes, le diminue. Ces deux effets font l'objet des deux études choisies dans cette note. [Auteure]

The role of epilepsy in early language development in a child with a congenital lesion in the right hemisphere

Early epilepsy is known to worsen the developmental prognosis of young children with a congenital focal brain lesion, but its direct role is often very difficult to delineate from the other variables. This requires prolonged periods of follow-up with simultaneous serial electrophysiological and developmental assessments which are rarely obtained. We studied a male infant with a right prenatal infarct in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery resulting in a left spastic hemiparesis, and an epileptic disorder (infantile spasms with transient right hemihypsarrhythmia and focal seizures) from the age of 7 months until the age of 4 years. Pregnancy and delivery were normal. A dissociated delay of early language acquisition affecting mainly comprehension without any autistic features was documented. This delay was much more severe than usually expected in children with early focal lesions, and its evolution, with catch-up to normal, was correlated with the active phase of the epilepsy. We postulate that the epilepsy specifically amplified a pattern of delayed language emergence, mainly affecting lexical comprehension, reported in children with early right hemisphere damage.

Clinical presentation and outcome in a series of 88 patients with the cblC defect.

The cblC defect is the most common inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism. Despite therapeutic measures, the long-term outcome is often unsatisfactory. This retrospective multicentre study evaluates clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in 88 cblC patients. The questionnaire designed for the study evaluates clinical and biochemical features at both initial presentation and during follow up. Also the development of severity scores allows investigation of individual disease load, statistical evaluation of parameters between the different age of presentation groups, as well as a search for correlations between clinical endpoints and potential modifying factors. RESULTS: No major differences were found between neonatal and early onset patients so that these groups were combined as an infantile-onset group representing 88 % of all cases. Hypotonia, lethargy, feeding problems and developmental delay were predominant in this group, while late-onset patients frequently presented with psychiatric/behaviour problems and myelopathy. Plasma total homocysteine was higher and methionine lower in infantile-onset patients. Plasma methionine levels correlated with "overall impression" as judged by treating physicians. Physician's impression of patient's well-being correlated with assessed disease load. We confirmed the association between homozygosity for the c.271dupA mutation and infantile-onset but not between homozygosity for c.394C>T and late-onset. Patients were treated with parenteral hydroxocobalamin, betaine, folate/folinic acid and carnitine resulting in improvement of biochemical abnormalities, non-neurological signs and mortality. However the long-term neurological and ophthalmological outcome is not significantly influenced. In summary the survey points to the need for prospective studies in a large cohort using agreed treatment modalities and monitoring criteria.

Le fait de ne pas informer un enfant quant à sa paternité biologique, dans le cas ou celle-ci est douteuse ou différente de la paternité légale, relève-t-il de la matraitance ?

La connaissance de ses origines biologiques est une question constitutive et existentielle pour chaque individu. Dans les cas d'incertitude, les expertises en paternité apportent leur contribution dans l'inclusion ou l'exclusion d'un lien de paternité/filiation biologique. La sous-commission « Filiation et droits de l'enfant » a été chargée d'apporter une réponse à plusieurs questions sur les origines biologiques dont la question suivante : "S'il est considéré comme étant de la maltraitance envers un enfant de lui cacher la véritable identité de son père biologique (marié à sa mère ou pas) ?» La sous-commission a entrepris un travail de réflexion et a départagé la question en 3 volets : juridique, psychologique et médical. Le but de notre travail est d'apporter une réponse médicale, fondée sur l'expérience pratique des médecins, à la question suivante : « Le fait de ne pas informer un enfant quant à sa paternité biologique, dans le cas ou celle-ci est douteuse ou différente de la paternité légale, relève-t-il de la maltraitance ? » Nous présentons tout d'abord une revue de la littérature concernant les sujets de la paternité, de la filiation, de la maltraitance. Nous avons consulté 935 praticiens généralistes, psychiatres et pédiatres par le biais d'un questionnaire à choix multiple de 25 questions et nous avons analysé les 263 exemplaires retournés. Nous avons investigué la révélation des patients aux médecins, la révélation aux enfants (par qui, à quel âge, etc.), le vécu des patients et des enfants, l'avis des praticiens sur le sujet de la révélation, de la connaissance des origines biologiques, de la maltraitance, leurs conseils, etc. Nous observons que 93 praticiens ont été les confidents de situations de paternité légales différentes de la paternité biologique ou d'un doute à ce sujet. D'après les médecins, les patients (les mères, les pères et les enfants) vivent généralement mal la situation de paternité particulière. La moitié des enfants concernés étaient informés de leur filiation atypique. La majorité des enfants informés se sentaient victimes. Une proportion élevée de problèmes affectifs et psychologiques était signalée parmi les enfants informés et non informés. A la question ci-dessus, nous avons observé une différence entre la réponse globale des praticiens consultés et la littérature psychologique et psychiatrique relative au secret des origines. Nous apportons également une réflexion sur la situation des enfants dont la filiation est particulière et sur une hypothèse de prise en charge de ces patients.